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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mutations |
Changes in genetic sequence Might affect the order of amino acids in a protein and is dependent on the precise order of amino acids |
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Possible outcomes of mutations |
1. No change in protein 2. Non-functional protein 3. different protein |
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Base-substitution mutation |
Simple substitution of one base for another |
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Neutral (or silent) mutation |
Mutation does not change the function of the protein, it codes for the same amino acid and usually occurs if last base in the codon is mutated. |
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Frameshift mutation |
Addition or deletion of a base, which changes the reading frame. |
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Point Mutation |
Single DNA base substitution. AGG to CGG. Can change an amino acid, can not change the amino acid and change the shape of the protein, or can cause prematurely stop the protein and change the protein completely. |
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Gene Expression |
Each cell in your body (except gametes) has the same DNA, but each cell only expresses a small percentage of genes. EX: Nerve and muscle cells perform very different functions, thus they express different genes. Turning a gene or a set of genes on or off=regulating gene expression. |
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Regulation of transcription |
Prokaryotic cells use repressors to regulate gene expression. Repressors bind to the promoter and prevent the RNA polymerase from binding. Eukaryotic cells use activators to regulate gene expression. Activators help the RNA polymerase bind to the promoter. |
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Regulation by chromosome condensation |
Folding up of the chromosomes prevents transcription (Ex: X-inactiviation, mitosis) |
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Regulation by mRNA degradation |
Nucleases cut mRNA |
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Regulation of Traslation |
Slowing of binding of the mRNA to the ribosome |
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Regulation of Protein Degradation |
Proteases degrade proteins |
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What is cloning? |
The creation of identical copies of DNA, cells, or organisms. |
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Does cloning occur in nature? |
Asexual reproduction (bacteria, single celled eukaryotes, invertebrates, plants, fungi, and vertebrate animals. Monozygotic twins. |
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Why is cloning technology useful? |
Identify and isolate genes. Studying gene expression or function. Generating large amounts of gene product. Manipulations of DNA and genes. |
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DNA cloning |
Can produce many copies of a specific gene or the protein that it codes for. (The DNA is typically inserted into a bacterium on a plasmid) |
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Recombinant DNA (rDNA) |
DNA molecules that contain DNA from other biological sources. |
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Transgenic Organisms |
Organisms that contain recombinant DNA. The result of the incorporation of a gene from one organism to the genome of another. GMO |
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Selective breeding |
All agricultural products are the result of genetic modification. |
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Genetically modifying crops |
Target gene must be inserted by Ti plasmid or gene gun |
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Stem cells |
Undifferentiated cells, capable of growing in to many different kinds of cells and tissues. Might be used to treat degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's |
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Totipotent |
Stem cells can become any other cell in the body. |
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Therapeutic cloning |
Using stem cells to produce healthy tissue. Can be used to grow tissues to treat burns, heart attack damage etc. |
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Human Genome Project |
International effort to map the sequence of the entire human genome (20,000 to 25,000 genes) For comparitive purposes, genomes of other model organisms were also mapped (e. coli, yeast, fruit flies, mice) |
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Gene therapy |
Replacement of defective genes with functional genes. |
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Germ line gene therapy |
Treatment of embryo. Embryo supplied with a functional version of the defective gene. Embryo+cells produced by cell division have a functional version of gene. |
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Somatic Cell gene therapy |
Fix or replace the defective protein only in specific cells. Is being used for potential HIV treatment. Used as treatment of SCID (immunodeficiency) All have limited lifetimes. Therapy not permanent requires several treatments per year. |
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Nuclear transfer |
Cloning is achieved through this process |
