Chapter 9

Front 1

Articles of Confederation (1781)

Back 1

First American constitution that established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes. The Articles were replaced by a more efficient Constitution in 1789

Front 2

“republican motherhood”

Back 2

Ideal of family organization and female behavior after the American Revolution that stressed the role of women in guiding family members toward republican virtue.

Front 3

Land Ordinance of 1785

Back 3

Provided for the sale of land in the Old Northwest and earmarked the proceeds toward repaying the national debt

Front 4

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Back 4

Created a policy for administering the Northwest Territories. It included a path to statehood and forbade the expansion of slavery into the territories.

Front 5

Shays’s Rebellion (1786)

Back 5

Armed uprising of western Massachusetts debtors seeking lower taxes and an end to property foreclosures. Though quickly put down, the insurrection inspired fears of “mob rule” among leading Revolutionaries.

Front 6

“mobocracy”

Back 6

The outbursts of Shays and other distressed debtors struck fear in the hearts of the propertied class, who began to suspect that the Revolution had created a monster

Front 7

“demigods”

Back 7

Jefferson called The caliber of the participants was extraordinarily high

Front 8

James Madison

Back 8

Nicknamed "the Father of the Constitution"; talented politician sent to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia on May 25, 1787; his notable contributions to the Constitution helped to convince the public to ratify it.

Front 9

Benjamin Franklin

Front 10

Alexander Hamilton

Back 10

High Political leader-1786- 32 year old New Yorker who saved the convention from complete failure by engineering the adoption of his report. It called upon Congress to a convention to meet in Philadelphia to bolster the entire fabric of the Articles of Confederation. Congress, "for the sole and express purpose of revising" the Articles of Confederation. Hamilton was present as an advocate of super-powerful central government.

Front 11

Great Compromise

Back 11

reconciled the New Jersey and Virginia plans at the constitutional convention, giving states proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate. The compromise broke the stalemate at the convention and paved the way for subsequent compromises over slavery and the Electoral College.

Front 12

Three-Fifths Compromise

Back 12

Determined that each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation. The compromise granted disproportionate political power to Southern slave states.

Front 13

Federalists

Back 13

Proponents of the 1787 Constitution, they favored a strong national government, arguing that the checks and balances in the new Constitution would safeguard the people's liberties

Front 14

Antifederalists

Back 14

Opponents of the 1787 Constitution, they cast the document as antidemocratic, objected to the subordination of the states to the central government, and feared encroachment on individuals' liberties in the absence of a bill of rights.

Front 15

The Federalist

Back 15

Collection of essays written by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton and published during the ratification debate in New York to lay out the Federalists' arguments in favor of the new Constitution. Since their publication, these influential essays have served as an important source for constitutional interpretation

Front 16

Federalist 10