Chapter 9

Front 1

Language

Back 1

A set of symbols used to communicate

-arbitrary

-discrete

-productive

-regular

Front 2

GUA the monkey

Back 2

-raised with family members

-Gua showed superior performance on simple commands and used a cup and spoon

-same emotional reactions between the two

-GUA recognized people by their smell and clothing while Donald recognized them by their faces

-Donald could learn language

Front 3

Universal Grammar

Back 3

innate rules governing language

Front 4

Phonology

Back 4

the study of speech sound systems

-investigate the units of a given language

-a baby can distinguish phonemes from different language

-combined to form morphemes

Front 5

Morphology

Back 5

the study of morphemes (smallest unit of meaning)

Front 6

Derivational

Back 6

participant in the process of forming of new words on the basis of a new word (un..usual, do)

Front 7

Inflectional

Back 7

grammatical variances of the same word

Front 8

Syntax

Back 8

study of the structure of sentences

Front 9

Semantics

Back 9

study of meanings of words

Front 10

4 language Skills

Back 10

Speech perception

Speaking

Reading

writing

Front 11

Oral Skill

Back 11

acquired first and does not require instructions

-made up of two skills: listening and speaking

Front 12

Speech Perception

Back 12

1. Acoustic analysis of sound waves

2. recognition of speech sounds

3. Recognition of words form

4. meaning

Front 13

Motor theory

Back 13

we perceive speech because we can produce speech. We perceive articulatory gestures that the speakers makes, not the sound

Front 14

Auditory Theory

Back 14

Perception occurs through general properties of the auditory system

perception is either innate nor special to humans

Front 15

McGurk Effect

Back 15

hear BA, saw GA and perceived DA

visual perception of one sound, and auditory perception of another sound

Front 16

Speaking

Back 16

1. meaning

2. selection sound form

3.syllbafication

4. articulation of sound form

Front 17

Reading

Back 17

1. feature analysis

2.individual letters

3. whole words

4. sound form

5. meaning

6. articular of sound form

Front 18

Writing

Back 18

1. meaning

2. Selection of sound forms of the whole word

3. parsing of whole words form into speech sound

4. mapping of sound on individual letters

Front 19

Saprir-Whorf Hypothesis

Back 19

- language influence cognition and thought

-non Inuit idea of snow, and Inuit idea of snow

-two languages may be so different from one another as to make their native spears experience of the word qualitatively different

Front 20

Bilingualism

Back 20

two language system

improved cognitive control

later set Alzheimer

Front 21

Phrase Structure Rules

Back 21

rules describing the ways symbols can be written as other symbols.

Front 22

Grammatical transformation

Back 22

rules operating one entire string of symbols to convert them to new strings

Front 23

passive transformation

Back 23

rearranging the sentences but it still having the same meaning

Front 24

Kernel Sentences

Back 24

sentences that are produced without optional transformation

Front 25

Competence

Back 25

the basis of which the person is able to understand and use the language

Front 26

Performance

Back 26

determined not only by the person's basic linguistic competence, but also by cognitive factors such as memory and the person's understand of their situation

Front 27

Deep Structure

Back 27

meaning of words

Front 28

Surface Structure

Back 28

the words themselves

Front 29

Innateness Hypothesis

Back 29

the hypothesis that children innately posses a language acquisition device that comes equipped with principles of universal grammar

Front 30

Poverty of the Stimulus argument

Back 30

the argument that the linguistic environment to which a child is exposed to is deficient to enable the child to acquire language on that basis alone

Front 31

language acquisition device

Back 31

the hypothesis that children possess a LAD containing general principles that apply to any natural language

Front 32

Minimalism

Back 32

the belief that linguistic competence has only those characteristics that are absolutely necessary

Front 33

Parameter-setting hypothesis

Back 33

the hypothesis that language acquisition involved a universal grammar that contains a variety of switches, which can be set to one of the number of possible values.

Front 34

Concealing Function

Back 34

a hypothesis that language is a kind of code and that the parameter set for one language serve to conceal its meaning from the speaker to another language

Front 35

parental reformulation

Back 35

adult reformulations of children's speech. They are negative in that they inform the children that they have made a mistake and positive that they provide example of correct speech

Front 36

Mirror Neurons

Back 36

broca's area in a monkeys brain that contain neurons that fire not only when the animal makes the grasping movement, but also when the monkey observed other animals making those movements

Front 37

Given-New contract

Back 37

a tacit agreement where by the speaker agrees to connect new information to what the listener already knows

Front 38

Code model of communication

Back 38

a model of communication based on the information processing theory

Front 39

inferential model of communication

Back 39

a model of communication based on Grices inferential theory

Front 40

Co-operative Principle

Back 40

the assumption that the speaker infers what the speaker intends

Front 41

Conversational maxims

Back 41

say no more than its necessary (maxim of quantity), be truthful (maxim of quality, be relevant (maim of relation) and avoid ambiguity (maxim of manner)

Front 42

Figurative Language

Back 42

various figures of speech, such a metaphor and irony

Front 43

Irony

Back 43

belongs to the family of satire and sarcasm

*figure of speech in which the intended meaning is opposite of that expressed by the word used

Front 44

Pretence theory of Irony

Back 44

when speaking ironically people are only pretending to mean what they say

Front 45

Hesitation Pauses

Back 45

pauses in speech, often characterized by disfluencies such as um and uh

Front 46

Egocentric Speech

Back 46

speech that does not take the listener's perceptive into account

Front 47

Inner Speech

Back 47

speech for oneself that regulates thought

Front 48

Zone of Proximal Development

Back 48

distance between the actual development level as determined by independent problem-solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult supervision or in collaboration with more capable peers

Front 49

Metalinguistic Awareness

Back 49

the ability to talk about language itself, without worry about what it refers to

Front 50

literacy

Back 50

the ability to read and write

Front 51

Dylexia

Back 51

an impairment in the ability to read that is distinct from difficulties resulting in poor instruction or problems with seeing or speaking

Front 52

Surface dyslexia

Back 52

a form of dyslexia affecting only the ability to recognize words as entire units, the ability to read word letter by letter remains intact

Front 53

Phonological Dyslexia

Back 53

a form of dyslexia affecting only the ability to read letter-by-letter, the ability to recognize words as entire units remain intact

Front 54

Duel Route theory

Back 54

a theory that posits two separate pathways for reading, one for comparing words to mental dictionary and another for converting letters into sounds

Front 55

Linguistic Relativity

Back 55

the notion that two languages may be so different from each other as to make their native speaker experience quite different from each other

Front 56

mass nouns

Back 56

formless substance, unbound and limitless

Front 57

Polysemy

Back 57

the existence of multiple meanings of one word

Front 58

Basic Color terms hypothesis

Back 58

the hypothesis that there is an invariant sequence regulating the emergence of color terms in any language

Front 59

opponent process theory of colour vision

Back 59

the hypothesis that colour vision is based on three pairs of antagonistic processes

yellow blue, red green and black yellow

Front 60

Intrinsic frame of reference

Back 60

spatial relations are based solely on the relations between the objects being described

Front 61

Relative Frame of reference

Back 61

spatial relations are described relative to an observer viewpoint

Front 62

absolute frame reference

Back 62

spatial relations are described in terms of invariant set of coordinates