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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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aden/o
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gland
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adren/o, adrenal/o
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adrenal gland
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andr/o
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male
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crin/o
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to secrete
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dips/o
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thirst
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gluc/o. glyc/o
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sugar
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hormon/o
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hormone (an urging on)
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ket/o, keton/o
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ketone bodies
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pancreat/o
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pancreas
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thym/o
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thymus gland
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thyr/o, thyroid/o
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thyroid gland (shield)
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adrenal glands, suprarenal glands
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located on the superior surface of each kidney; the adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones, and the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
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steroid hormones, glucocorticoids, mineral corticosteroids, androgens
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regulate carbohydrate and salt and water balance; have some affect on sexual characteristics
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epinephrine
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affect sympathetic nervous system in stress response
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norepinephrine
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affect parasympathetic system; helping return to homeostasis
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ovaries
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located on both sides of the uterus in the female pelvis, secreting estrogen and progesterone
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estrogen, progesterone
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responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics and regulation of reproduction
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pancreas (islets of Langerhans)
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located behind the stomach in front of the first and second lumbar vertebrae, secreting insulin and glucagons
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parathyroid glands
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two paired glands located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland in the neck, secreting parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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regulate carbohydrate and sugar metabolism
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pineal gland
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located in the center of the brain, secreting melatonin and serotonin
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melatonin
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exact function unknown; affects onset of puberty
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serotonin
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a neurotransmitter that serves as the precursor to melatonin
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pituitary gland (hypophysis), anterior pituitary gland
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located at the base of the brain; the anterior pituitary secrets thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, FSH, LH, prolactin; the posterior releases DH and oxytocin; anterior pituitary gland
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thyroid stimulation hormone (TSH)
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stimulates secretion from thyroid gland; anterior pituitary gland
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adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
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stimulates secretion from adrenal cortex; anterior pituitary gland
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follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
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initiates growth of ovarian follicle; stimulates secretion of estrogen in females and sperm production in males
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luteinizing hormone (LH)
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causes ovulation; stimulates secretion of progesterone by corpus luteum; causes secretion of testosterone in testes; anterior pituitary gland
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melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
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affects skin pigmentation; anterior pituitary gland
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growth hormone (GH)
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influences growth; anterior pituitary gland
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prolactin (lactogenic hormone)
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stimulates breast development and milk production during pregnancy; anterior pituitary gland
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antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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influences the absorption of water by kidney tubules; posterior pituitary
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oxytocin
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influences uterine contraction; posterior pituitary
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testes
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located on both side within the scrotum in the male, secreting testosterone
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testosterone
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affects masculinization and reproduction
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thymus gland
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located in the mediastinal cavity anterior to and above the heart secreting thymosin
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thymosin
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regulates immune response
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thyroid gland
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located in front of the neck, secreting triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and calcitonin
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triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4)
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regulate metabolism
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calcitonin
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regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism
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exophthalmos, exophthalmus
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protrusion of one or both eyeballs, often because of thyroid dysfunction or a tumor behind the eyeball
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glucosuria, glycosuria
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glucose (sugar) in the urine
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hirsutism
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shaggy; an excessive growth of hair
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hypercalcemia
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an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood
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hypocalcemia
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an abnormally low level of calcium in the blood
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hyperglycemia
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high blood sugar
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hypoglycemia
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low blood sugar
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hyperkalemia
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an abnormally high level of potassium in the blood
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hypokalemia
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deficient level of potassium in the blood
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hypersecretion
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abnormally increased secretion
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hyposecretion
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decreased secretion
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ketosis, ketoacidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
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presence of an abnormal amount of keytone bodies in the blood and urine indicating an abnormal use of carbohydrates, such as in uncontrolled diabetes and starvation
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metabolism
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all chemical processes in the body that result in growth, generation of energy, elimination of waste, and other body functions
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polydipsia
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excessive thirst
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polyuria
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excessive urination
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crushing syndrome
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excessive level of cortisol hormone from any cause; symptoms include upper body obesity, facial puffiness, weakness and easily bruised skin
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adrenal virilism
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excessive output of the adrenal secretion of androgen in adult women caused by tumor or hyperplasia
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diabetes mellitus (DM)
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metabolic disorder caused by the absnece or insufficient production of insulin secreted by the pancreas resulting in hyperglycemia and glycosuria
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insulin
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a hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas responsible for regulating the metabolism of glucose
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type 1 diabetes
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diabetes in which there is no beta cell prodcution of insulin, and the patient is dependent on insulin for survival
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type 2 diabetes
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diabetes in which either the body does not produce enough insulin, or there is insulin resistance; usually not dependant for survival
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hyperinsulinism
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condition resulting from an excessive amount of insulin in the blood that draws sugar out of the bloodstream, resulting in hypoglycemia, fainting, and convulsions; often caused by an overdose of insulin or by a tumor of the panaceas
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pancreatitis
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inflammation of the pancreas
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hyperparathyroidism
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hypersecretion of the parathyroid glands, usually caused by a tumor
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hypoparathyroidism
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hyposecretion of the parathyroid glands
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acromegaly
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disease characterized by enlarged features, especially the face and hands, caused by hypersecretion of the pituitary growth hormone after puberty, when normal bone growth has stopped; most often caused by a pituitary tumor
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pituitary dwarfism
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condition of congenital hyposecretion of GH slowing growth and causing short yet proportionate stature, often treated during childhood with GH; other forms of dwarfism are most often caused by gene defects
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pituitary gigantism
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condition of hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood bone development that leads to an abnormal overgrowth of bone, especially of the long bones; most often caused by a pituitary tumor
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goiter
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enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by thyroid dysfunction, tumor, lack of iodine in the diet, or inflammation
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hyperthyroidism, Graves disease, thyrotoxicosis
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condition of hypersecretion of the thyroid gland characterized by protrusion of the eyeball, tachycardia, goiter, and tumors
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hypothyroidism
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condition of hyposecretion of the thyroid gland causing low thyroid levels in the blood that result in sluggishness, slow pulse, and often obesity
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myxedema
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advanced hypothyroidism in adults characterized by sluggishness, slow pulse, puffiness in hands and face, and dry skin
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cretinism
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condition of congenital hypothyroidism in children that results in a lack of mental development and dwarfed physical stature
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blood sugar (BS), blood glucose
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measurement of the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood
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fasting blood sugar (FBS)
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measurement of blood sugar levels after fasting for 12 hours
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postprandial blood sugar (PPBS)
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measurement of blood sugar level after a meal
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glucose tolerance test
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measurement of the body’s ability to metabolize carbohydrates by administering a prescribed amount of glucose after a fasting period, then measuring blood and urine for glucose levels every hour thereafter for 4 to 6 hours
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glycohemoglobin
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a molecule in hemoglobin that rises in the blood as a result of an increased level of blood sugar; common blood test used in diagnosing and treating diabetes
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electrolytes
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measurement of the level of specific ions in the blood
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thyroid function study
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measurement of thyroid hormone levels in blood plasma to determine efficiency of glandular secretions
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urine sugar and ketone studies
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chemical tests to determine that presence of sugar or ketone bodies in urine
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thyroid uptake and image
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nuclear image produced by a scan of the thyroid to visualize the radioactive accumulation of previously injected isotopes to detect thyroid nodules or tumors
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adrenalectomy
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excision of adrenal gland
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hypophysectomy
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excision of pituitary gland
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pancreatectomy
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excision of pancreas
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paratyroidectomy
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excision of parathyroid gland
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thymectomy
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excision of thymus gland
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thyroidectomy
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excision of thyroid gland
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radioiodine therapy
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use of radioactive iodine to treat disease
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antihypoglycemic
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a drug that raises blood glucose
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hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
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treatment with a hormone to correct a hormone deficiency
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hypoglycemic antihyperglycemic
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a drug that lowers blood glucose
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