Chapter 9-12

Front 1

a mental category that groups objects,relations,activities abstractions or qualities having common properties

Back 1

concept

Front 2

concepts that have a moderate number of instances and that are easier to acquire than those having few or many instances

Back 2

basic concepts

Front 3

an especially representative example of a concept

Back 3

prototype

Front 4

an integrated mental network of knowledge,beliefs,and expectations concerning a particular topic or aspect of the world

Back 4

cognitive schema

Front 5

mental representation that mirrors or resembles the thing it represents;mental images occur in many and perhaps all sensory modalities

Back 5

mental images

Front 6

mental processes occuring outside of conscious awareness
but accessible to consciousness when necessary

Back 6

subconscious process

Front 7

mental process concerning outside of and not availible to conscious awareness

Back 7

nonconscious process

Front 8

learning that occurs when you acquire knowledge about something without being aware of how you did so and without being able to state exactly what it is you learned

Back 8

implicit learning

Front 9

a form of reasoning in which a conclusion follows necessarily from certain premises;if the premises are true,the conclusion must be true

Back 9

deductive reasoning

Front 10

a process in which opposing facts or ideas are weighed and compared with a view to determing the best solution or resolving differences

Back 10

dialetical reasoning

Front 11

the tendency to judge the probabilty of a type of event by how easy it is to think of examples or instances

Back 11

availability heuristic

Front 12

the tendency to overestimate one's ability to have predicted an event once the outcome is known;the "I knew it all along phenomenom"

Back 12

hindsight bias

Front 13

the tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that confirms ones own belief

Back 13

confirmation bias

Front 14

a tendency to solve problems using procedures that worked before on similar problems

Back 14

mental set

Front 15

a state of tension that occurs when a person holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent,or when a persons belief is incongruent with his or her own behavior

Back 15

cognitive dissonance

Front 16

an inferred charactericstic of an individual,usually defined as the ability to profit from an experience,acquire knowledge,think abstracty,act purposefully,or adapt to changes in the environment

Back 16

intelligence

Front 17

the measurement of mental abilities traits and processes

Back 17

psychometrics

Front 18

a measure of intelligence origionally computed by dividing a persons meantal age by his or her chronological age and multiplying by 100;it is now derived from norms provided for standardized intelligence tests

Back 18

IQ

Front 19

the ability to identify your own and other peoples emotions accurately,express your own emotions clearly

Back 19

emotional intelligence

Front 20

the inability to distinguish an actual memory of an event from information you learned about the event elsewhere

Back 20

source misattribution

Front 21

confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you,or a belief that you remember something when it never actually happened

Back 21

confabulation

Front 22

a method for measuring implicit memory in which a person reads or listens to information and is later tested to see whether the information affects performance on another type of task

Back 22

priming

Front 23

memories of facts,rules,concepts and events knowing "knowing that"they include other semantic and episodic memories

Back 23

declarative memories

Front 24

memories of general knowledge including facts,rules,concepts,and propositions

Back 24

semantic memories

Front 25

memories of personally experienced events and the context in which they occured

Back 25

episodic memories

Front 26

rote repetition of material in order to maintain its avalability

Back 26

maintenance rehearsal

Front 27

association of new information with already stored knowledge and analysis of the new information to make it memorable

Back 27

elaborate rehearsal

Front 28

in the encoding of information,the processing of meaning rather than simply the physical or sensory features of a stimulus

Back 28

deep processing

Front 29

strategies and tricks for improving memory,such as the use of a verse or formula

Back 29

mneumonics

Front 30

forgetting of information for psychological reasons,such as a need to escape feelings of embarassment,guilt,shame,
disappointment,or emotional shock

Back 30

psychogenic amnesia

Front 31

in psychoanalytical theory,the selective involuntary pushing of threatening or upsetting information into the unconscious

Back 31

repression

Front 32

a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes,brain activity,cognitive appraisals,subjective feelings,and tendencies toward action all shaped by cultural rules

Back 32

emotion

Front 33

emotions considered to be universal and biologically based;they generally include fear,anger ,sadness,joy,
suprise,disgust and contempt

Back 33

primary emotions

Front 34

emotions that develop with cognitive maturity and vary across individuals and cultures

Back 34

secondary emotions

Front 35

the process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed

Back 35

facial feedback

Front 36

social and cultural rules that regulate when,how and where a person may express(or must supress)emotions

Back 36

display rules

Front 37

expression of an emotion that the person does not really feek often because of a role requirment

Back 37

emotion work

Front 38

an inferred process within a person or animal that causes movement either toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation

Back 38

motivation

Front 39

the pursuit of an activity for its own sake

Back 39

intrinsic motivation

Front 40

the pursuit of an activity for external rewars,such as money or fame

Back 40

extrinsic motivation

Front 41

the genetically influenced weight range for an individual;it is maintained by biological mechanisms that regulate food,fat reserves,and metabolism

Back 41

set point

Front 42

an eating disorder characterized by excessive eating (bingeing)followed by forced vomiting or use of laxatives(purging)

Back 42

bulimia

Front 43

an eating disorder characterized by fear of being fat,a distorted body image,radically reduced consumption of food and emaciation

Back 43

anorexia

Front 44

sets of implicit rules that specify proper behavior for a person in a given situtation,varying with the persons gender,age ,religion,social status,and peer group

Back 44

sexual scripts

Front 45

a learned motive to meet personal standards of success and excellence in a chosen area

Back 45

need for achievement

Front 46

a projective test that asks respondents to interpret a series of drawings showing scenes of people;usually scored for unconscious motives,such as the need for achievement,power,or affilitation

Back 46

thematic apperception test

Front 47

an expectation that comes true because of the tendancy of the person holding it to act in ways that bring it about

Back 47

self fulfilling prophecy

Front 48

a persons belief that he or she is capable of producing desired results such as mastering new skills and reaching goals

Back 48

self efficacy