Chapter 8 U.s History

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Adolf Hitler

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Leader of Germany (axis) during WW2. Hitler led the Nazi party, and began to rule Germany in 1933 as a fascist dictator with the title “the leader”. He supervised the murder of six million Jews and other supposed enemies of the Reich (Holocaust). Hitler began World War II by invading Poland in 1939. He committed suicide in 1945 when Germany's defeat was imminent.

Front 2

Appeasement

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A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.

Front 3

Joseph Stalin

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Leader of the Soviet Union during WW2. Led the communist party and became the country's leader. He executed many of his rivals and tolerated no political opposition. He strictly limited the freedom of the Soviet people.

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Benito Mussolini

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A fascist leader in Italy during WW2. His government controlled all aspects of life in Italy. He withdrew from the League of Nations and made an alliance with Germany.

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Hideki Tojo

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A prime minister who controlled Japan during WW2. He made an alliance with Germany and Italy.

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Axis Powers

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The alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan.

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Neutrality Act

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were laws passed in 1935, 1936, 1937, and 1939 to limit U.S. involvement in future wars. They were based on the widespread disillusionment with World War I in the early 1930s and the belief that the United States had been drawn into the war through loans and trade with the Allies.

Front 8

Lend-Lease Act

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The material and services supplied by the U.S. to its allies during World War II under an act of Congress (Lend-Lease Act) passed in 1941: such aid was to be repaid in kind after the war.

Front 9

Pearl Harbor

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A major United States naval base in Hawaii that was attacked without warning by the Japanese air force on December 7, 1941, with great loss of American lives and ships. This led to US entry into WW2.

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Tehran Conference

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a meeting between U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin in Tehran, Iran, between November 28 and December 1, 1943. Led to allies making second front in France.

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D-day

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June 6, 1944, 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the operation a crusade in which "we will accept nothing less than full victory." More than 5,000 Ships and 13,000 aircraft supported the D-Day invasion, and by day's end on June 6, the Allies gained a foot- hold in Normandy.

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Big Three

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Roosevelt (USA), Churchill (England), and Stalin (USSR).

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Yalta Conference

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FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War.

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Philippines

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Within hours of Pearl Harbor, Japanese warplane s attacked Clark Field in the Philippines, destroying nearly half of the US airplanes stationed there.

Front 15

Battle of Midway

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An enormous battle that raged for four days near the small American outpost at Midway Island, at the end of which the US, despite great losses, was clearly victorious. The American navy destroyed four Japanese aircraft carriers and lost only one of its own; the action regained control of the central Pacific for the US.

Front 16

Island Hopping

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was a military strategy employed by the Allies in the Pacific War against Japan and the Axis powers during World War II.

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Atomic Bomb

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a bomb that derives its destructive power from the rapid release of nuclear energy by fission of heavy atomic nuclei, causing damage through heat, blast, and radioactivity.

Front 18

Manhattan Project

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Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States.

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Harry S. Truman

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The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. Truman, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. After the war, Truman was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery.

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Hiroshima

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was almost completely destroyed by the first atomic bomb ever dropped on a populated area. Followed by the bombing of Nagasaki, on August 9, this show of Allied strength hastened the surrender of Japan in World War II. (August 6th, 1945)

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Nagasaki

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Nagasaki was devastated by the second atomic bomb used in World War II (August 9, 1945).

Front 22

Selective Service Act

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This 1917 law provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 30 for a military draft. By the end of WWI, 24.2 had registered; 2.8 had been inducted into the army. Age limit was later changed to 18 to 45.

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War Production Board

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was an agency of the United States government that supervised war production during World War II. President Franklin D. Roosevelt established it on January 16, 1942, with Executive Order 9024.

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War Bond Drives

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War bonds were issued by the government for the purpose of financing military operations during the times of war. War bonds create capital for the government and make civilians feel involved in their nations military.

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Victory Garden

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a vegetable garden, especially a home garden, planted to increase food production during a war.

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Rationing

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a fixed allowance of provisions or food, especially for soldiers or sailors or for civilians during a war, or shortage.

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Rosie the Riveter

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a cultural icon of the United States, representing the American women who worked in factories and shipyards during World War II, many of whom produced munitions and war supplies.

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WAC

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a member of a United States Army unit created for women during World War II and discontinued in the 1970s.

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Tuskegee Airmen

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The popular name of a group of African-American military pilots (fighter and bomber) who fought in World War II. Officially, they formed the 332nd Fighter Group and the 477th Bombardment Group of the United States Army Air Forces.

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Code Talkers

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people in the 20th century who used obscure languages as a means of secret communication during wartime. The term is now usually associated with the United States soldiers during the world wars who used their knowledge of Native American languages as a basis to transmit coded messages.

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the 442nd

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Regimental Combat Team is an infantry regiment of the United States Army, part of the Army Reserve. The regiment was a fighting unit composed almost entirely of American soldiers of Japanese ancestry who fought in World War II.

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double V

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program was started by the Pittsburgh Courier, which was a newspaper for African Americans. It emphasized fighting for two goals -- victory over our enemies in the war and victory over the enemies of black people at home.

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Hispanic population

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Increase in this population during WW2 caused tension.

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Internment Camps

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means putting a person in prison or other kind of detention, generally in wartime. During World War II, the American government put Japanese-Americans in internment camps, fearing they might be loyal to Japan.

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Concentration Camps

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a place where large numbers of people, especially political prisoners or members of persecuted minorities, are deliberately imprisoned in a relatively small area with inadequate facilities, sometimes to provide forced labor or to await mass execution. The term is most strongly associated with the several hundred camps established by the Nazis in Germany and occupied Europe in 1933–45, among the most infamous being Dachau, Belsen, and Auschwitz.

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Holocaust

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the killing of millions of Jews and other people by the Nazis during World War II.

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Nuremberg Trials

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a series of trials held between 1945 and 1949 in which the Allies prosecuted German military leaders, political officials, industrialists, and financiers for crimes they had committed during World War II.

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Advancements in Technology

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The biggest of this era was the atomic bomb.

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Nuclear Age

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the period in history usually considered to have begun with the first use of the atomic bomb (1945).

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Nuclear Arms Race

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was a competition for supremacy in nuclear warfare between the United States, the Soviet Union, and their respective allies during the Cold War.