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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Oxidation definition
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removal of one or more electrons from a substrate
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What is often removed with the electrons during oxidation process?
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Protons (H+)
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Reduction definition
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substrate refers to its gain of one or more electrons
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What happens each time a substance is oxidized?
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Another one is simultaneously reduced
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What is the oxidized and reduced form of NAD?
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oxidized= NAD+
reduced= NADH |
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What is the starting material for glycolysis?
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glucose
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What is the carbonate makeup of glucose?
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6 carbon monosaccharide
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Gyloysis definition
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The most common pathway for the oxidation of glucose
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End product of glycolysis?
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pyruvic acid
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What molecules are produced by one glucose molecule?
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2 ATP and 2 NADH molecules
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Definition for fermentation
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releases energy from sugars or other organic molecules by oxidation
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What is not required in fermentation?
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O2
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What is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation?
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Two ATP molecules
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Electrons that are removed from the substrate do what___________?
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reduce NAD+
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What is the final electron acceptor?
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organic molecule
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What happens during lactic acid fermentation?
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pyruvic acid is reduced by NADH to lactic acid
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What happens during alcohol fermentation?
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acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH to produce ethanol
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During respiration, what happens to organic molecules?
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They are oxidized.
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During respiration, where is energy generated from?
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Electron transport chain
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In aerobic respiration, what serves as final electron acceptor?
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O2
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In anaerobic respiration, what serves as final electron acceptor?
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inorganic molecules other than O2, such as Nitrate, sulfate, and carbonate
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What is produced by the Kreb's Cycle oxidation process?
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six molecules of NADH, two molecules of FADH2, and two molecules of ATP
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What brings electrons to the electron transport chain?
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NADH
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What carriers are included in electron transport chain?
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flavoproteins, cytochromes, and ubiquinones.
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What do protons being pumped across the membrane generate?
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proton gradient as electrons move through the electron transport chain.
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Energy produced from movement of the protons back across the membrane is used by _________ to make ______________.....?
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ATP synthase to make ATP from ADP and Phosphate
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Where are electron carriers located in eukaryotes?
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inner mitochondrial membrane
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Where are electron carriers located in prokaryotes?
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In the cell membrane
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In aerobic prokaryotes, how many ATP molecules are produced from complete oxidation of glucose molecules during glycolysis, kreb's cycle, and electron transport chain?
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38
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In eukaryotes, how many ATP molecules are produced from complete oxidation of a glucose molecule?
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36
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