Chapter 8 Learning

Front 1

learning

Back 1

relatively permenant change in an organisms behavior due to experience

Front 2

associative learning

Back 2

learning that certain events occur together, may be 2 stimuli or a response and its consequences

Front 3

classical conditioning

Back 3

associate two stimuli to anticipate events

Front 4

ivan pavlov

Back 4

psychologist first studying the beginnings of classical conditioning with dog experiments

Front 5

behaviorism

Back 5

view that psychology should be an objective science and the study of behaviors WITHOUT mental processes

Front 6

unconditioned stimulus

Back 6

stimulus that unconditioinally, naturally, automatically triggers a response

Front 7

unconditioned response

Back 7

unlearned, naturally occuring response to the unconditioned stimulus

Front 8

conditioned response

Back 8

learned response to preveiously neutral stimulus

Front 9

conditioned stimulus

Back 9

originally irrelevant simulus; post association with an unconditioned stimulus triggers the conditioned response

Front 10

neutral stimulus

Back 10

stimulus paired with an unconditioned stimulus/response in classic conditioning to become the conditioned stimulus

Front 11

acquisition

Back 11

initial learning stage in classical conditioning; phase where the unconditioned stim becomes the conditioned stimulus

Front 12

delayed conditioning

Back 12

conditioned stimulus is presented before the unconditioned stimulus

Front 13

trace conditioning

Back 13

discrete event is presented, then the unconditioned stimulus occurs

Front 14

simulatneous conditioning

Back 14

CS and US presented together

Front 15

backward conditioning

Back 15

US occurs before the CS

Front 16

john watson

Back 16

behaviorist famous for thebaby albert experiment

Front 17

rosalie rayner

Back 17

john watsons assistant/mistress helping in the baby albert experiemnt

Front 18

baby albert

Back 18

conditioned baby to respond to white small animals- generalization

Front 19

second order (higher order) conditioning

Back 19

well leanred condtioned stimulus paired with a neutral stimulus also produces a response

Front 20

john garcia

Back 20

psychologist exploring the biological predispositions for animals capacities for condtioning

Front 21

extinction

Back 21

diminishing response taht occurs over time when the condtioned stimulus no longer signals an impending unconditioned stim

Front 22

spontaneous recovery

Back 22

reappearance of a weakened conditioned response over time; often a less intense response

Front 23

generalization

Back 23

tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

Front 24

discrimination

Back 24

learned ability to distinguish between the cs and other irrelevant stimuli

Front 25

robert rescorla

Back 25

psychologist exploring the cognitive processes and cognitive approach of conditioning

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operant conditioning

Back 26

type of learning where behavior is reinforced/strengthened or diminished depending on its consequence; voluntary

Front 27

b.f. skinner

Back 27

most prominent psychologist in behaviorism in the realm of operant conditioning

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edward thorndike

Back 28

first operant conditioning researcher; puzzle box

Front 29

puzzle box

Back 29

in thorndike's studies; box used to study the time elapsed for learning; use of instrumental learning

Front 30

respondent behavior

Back 30

behavior occuring as an automatic response to some stimulus; learned thru clasiscal condtioning

Front 31

operant behavior

Back 31

behavior operating on th eenvironment, produces consequences

Front 32

law of effect

Back 32

thorndikes principle that behaviors followed by favorable conseq will become more likely and the opposite will beocme less likely

Front 33

instrumental learning

Back 33

learning based on a form of reward in operant conditioning

Front 34

operant chamber/skinner box

Back 34

box where there is a bar/key for an animal to manipulate to obtain a reinforcer; device records NUMBER of times the animal will strike the key

Front 35

shaping

Back 35

operant conditioning process in which reinforcers guide behaviros wtoards desired behaviors built on pre-exising behaviors (baby steps)

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reinforcer

Back 36

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Front 37

positive reinforcement

Back 37

praise, rewards, increasing behaviors iwth positive stimuli

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negative reinforcement

Back 38

increase behaviors by stopping/reducing unwanted negative stimuli

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primary reinforcer

Back 39

innately reinforcing stimulus, satisfy some biological needs

Front 40

condtiioned secondary reinforcer

Back 40

learned stimulus gaining reinforcing power via the primary reinforcer

Front 41

continuous reinforcement

Back 41

reinforcing that desired response every time it occurs

Front 42

partial/intermittent reinforcement

Back 42

reinforcing repsonses only part of the time

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fixed ration schedule

Back 43

reinforcement sched that reinforce responses after a specified number

Front 44

variable ration sched

Back 44

reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses

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fixed interval sched

Back 45

reinforcement of responses after a sepcified time period

Front 46

variable interval schedule

Back 46

reinforcement of responses after various time intervals (unpredictable time intervals)

Front 47

punishment

Back 47

any event that decreases the behavior it follows

Front 48

cognitive map

Back 48

mental representation of the layout of ones environment

Front 49

latent learning

Back 49

learning tha toccurs, but is not apparent until an incentive exists to demonstrate

Front 50

intrinsic motivation

Back 50

desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

Front 51

extrinsic motivation

Back 51

desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards/punishments/threats

Front 52

albert bandura

Back 52

pioneering researcher of observational learning

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oberservational learning

Back 53

learning by observing others

Front 54

modeling

Back 54

process of obeserving/imitating a sepcific behavior

Front 55

mirror neurons

Back 55

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or obeserving anotehr do so-enables imitation/lang learning/empathy

Front 56

prosocial behavior

Back 56

positive/constructive/helpful behaviors

Front 57

mary cover-jones

Back 57

psychologist- counter conditioning

Front 58

counterconditioning

Back 58

behavioral therapy condtions new responsones to stimuli that trigger unwanted behavior

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systematic desensitization

Back 59

associating pleasant/relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety triggering stimuli

Front 60

premack principle

Back 60

reinforcement properties depend on the situation/environment/individual

Front 61

omission training

Back 61

also known as negative punishment- taking away a desirable stimuluus

Front 62

chaining

Back 62

learn to put mulitiple skills together- sepearte pieces of learning to make a complete

Front 63

learning curve

Back 63

showing the amount learned vs number of trials

Front 64

behavior modification

Back 64

treatment approach of operant conditioning in which a undersirable behavior is replaced with a desirable one thru positive/negative reinforcement

Front 65

token economy

Back 65

get a sticker for doing something good- then get a prize at the end