Chapter 8 Flash Cards

Front 1

Comorbidity

Back 1

Presence of two or more health problems in the same individual

When there are multiple problems related to the health of one person.

Front 2

Tics

Back 2

Rapid, repetitive, stereotyped movements or vocalizations; characteristic symptom of Tourette syndrome.

Something a person does repeatedly but cannot help, sometimes related to Tourettes

Front 3

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Back 3

Vague sense of anxiety not directly related to an anxiety-provoking event.

Excessive anxiety in different parts of life, not related to one certain event.

Front 4

Panic Disorder

Back 4

Intense anxiety-stress response, typically without an actual fear stimulus present. Physical components, including chest pain, shortness of breath, and nausea, resemble the symptoms of a heart attack.

Disorder where intense fear and anxiety are present without reason and can cause symptoms that look like a heart attack.

Front 5

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Back 5

Chronic condition characterized by recurring upsetting thoughts (obsessions) and subsequent ritualistic acts (compulsions)

Excessive thoughts that lead to repetitive behaviors.

Front 6

Obessions

Back 6

Recurring upsetting thoughts typically observed in OCD patients; typically related to contamination, doubts, order, aggression, and sexual imagery.

An idea or thought that someone has and cannot get rid of.

Front 7

Compulsions

Back 7

Ritualistic acts that accompany obsessions in OCD patients, typically include hand washing, checking, repeating actions, ordering, praying and counting.

Things a person does out of habit and need without reason.

Front 8

Cingulum

Back 8

An association tract located in the cingulate gyrus that projects to the entorhinal cortex; stimulation of this area results in a desire to engage in repetitive behaviors.

This part of the brain is the part that, when stimulated, makes a person partake in repetitive behaviors.

Front 9

Entorhinal cortex

Back 9

Cortical structure on the medial surface of the temporal lobe that surrounds limbic structures such as the amygdala and has rich interconnections with the hippocampal formation.

Part of the medial surface of the temporal lobe that is around the limbic structures like the amygdala and connects with the hippocampal formation.

Front 10

OCD Loop

Back 10

Brain structures thought to be involved in the maintenance of OCD; loop includes the orbitofrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus and embedded cingulum, caudate, thalamus, and amygdala.

Parts of the brain that are part of the upkeep of OCD; the loop includes things like the thalamus, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, etc.

Front 11

Orbitofrontal Cortex

Back 11

Anterior area of the prefrontal cortex, involved in more advanced cognitions and associations.

Back part of the prefrontal cortex that is part of advanced cognitions and associations.

Front 12

Lateralization

Back 12

The observation that different functions have been assigned, or lateralized, to each hemisphere is the brain.

Where different roles have been given to each part of the brain.

Front 13

Behavioral Addiction

Back 13

Notion that a human or other animal may develop a physiological addiction to engaging in certain behaviors such as compulsions.

The idea that people or animals can develop an addiction to certain behaviors like compulsions

Front 14

Activity Stress Paradigm

Back 14

Animal model of chronic stress and compulsive behavior in which rats are housed in activity wheels and exposed to restricted food resources. Rats typically increase running and exhibit multiple signs of stress induced illness when faced with these conditions.

When an animal is faced with a small space and little food they begin to exhibit signs of stress because of the conditions.

Front 15

Fixed Action Pattern

Back 15

Motor program that seems to develop automatically in particular species of animals; once triggered, these rigid, consistent, and predictable responses are continued to completion.

Behaviors are that instinctive and are done once triggered.

Front 16

Superstitious Behavior

Back 16

Response resulting from random reinforcement; thought to explain some ritualistic behavior.

Someone a person does from an act; can be a ritualistic behavior that is triggered from an act

Front 17

Clomipramine

Back 17

SRI that prevents the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine from the synapse, ultimately increasing the availability of serotonin; similar in structure to imipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant; used as therapy for OCD.

SRI that can help treat OCD, increases the amount of serotonin given in the brain.

Front 18

Anxiolytics

Back 18

Drugs such as the benzodiazepines that work to reduce anxiety.

Types of drugs that help to lower a person's anxiety.

Front 19

Stereotaxic Apparatus

Back 19

Scientific device that enables the experimenter or surgeon to access any three dimensional point in the brain; used for placement of electrodes and various forms of neurosurgery.

Device that helps a doctor get to any part of the brain.

Front 20

Exposure and response prevention

Back 20

Behavioral therapy for OCD; patients are encouraged to remain in contact with a feared stimulus while simultaneously suppressing the rituals they typically use to decrease anxiety.

Type of therapy used for OCD; the client keeps contact with what they fear while stopping the rituals they use at the same time.

Front 21

Tourette Syndrome

Back 21

A neurological condition characterized by involuntary "tic" movements and vocalizations.

Brain condition where the person has tics that they cannot help.

Front 22

PANDAS

Back 22

Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection; thought to be the cause of Tourette syndrome in some children.

Different disorders a child can have that are believed to be the cause of Tourettes in some children

Front 23

Haloperidol

Back 23

Neuroleptic drug that blocks dopaminergic activity; used in the treatment of schizophrenia and Tourette syndrome

A type of drug that blocks dopaminergic activity and is a treatment option for schizophrenia and Tourettes

Front 24

Mecamylamine

Back 24

Drug that acts as a cholinergic receptor antagonist; currently being tested for use with tourettic symptoms.

Drug that acts against cholinergic receptors and is being tested to help symptoms of tourettes.