Chapter 8 Cell Reproduction

Front 1

Chromatin

Back 1

long thin strands of DNA contained within the nucleus of nondividing cells

Front 2

Chromosome

Back 2

Short thick threads of replicated DNA found within dividing cells formed when DNA wines up around globular proteins called histones

Front 3

Histone

Back 3

Formed when DNA wines up around globular proteins

Front 4

Chromatid

Back 4

1/2 of a chromosome made up of replicated DNA both genetically identical

Front 5

Centromere

Back 5

Point in which two chromatids are joined together

Front 6

Karyotype

Back 6

A photograph of a person's chromosomes

Front 7

Chromosome number

Back 7

The number of chromosomes in the nucleus of an organism

Front 8

Homologous pair

Back 8

A pair of chromosomes that are the same shape and size and are made up of DNA that code for the same trait but make code for different forms of those trades and occur in a sexually reproducing organism

Front 9

Diploid number

Back 9

Number of chromosomes in a normal body cell in which the nucleus contains both chromosomes from each homologous pair

Front 10

Haploid number

Back 10

Number of chromosomes in reproductive cells in which the nucleus contains only one chromosome from each homologous pair

Front 11

Autosome

Back 11

Chromosomes made up of DNA that determine traits other than gender (humans 22)

Front 12

Sex chromosomes

Back 12

Chromosomes that determine gender

Front 13

The cell cycle

Back 13

The period of time between the formation of cells through cell division and the time that these cells divide to produce two new cells

Front 14

Interphase

Back 14

Period of cell growth between protein synthesis that occupies most of the cell cycle

Front 15

G1 period

Back 15

The cell doubles in size and number of organelles, it is important to return the cells to the size of the original cells

Front 16

S period

Back 16

DNA replicates, it is important so that when new cells are produced through cell division each new daughter cell receives a complete set of genes

Front 17

G2 period

Back 17

Produces proteins that are going to be used during cell division

Front 18

Mitosis

Back 18

The division of the nucleus in normal body cells (somatic cells) in which one diploid nucleus divides to produce two diploid nuclei

Front 19

Prophase (early)

Back 19

Chromatin wines up to form chromosomes, nuclear membrane breaks down, centrosome breaks down, and the centrioles move to the opposite sides of the cell

Front 20

Centrosome

Back 20

Membrane sack that holds the centrioles during interphase

Front 21

Centriole

Back 21

Bundles of microtubules in animal cells that act as the Anchor Point for the spindle fibers during cell division (not found in plant cells, spindle fibers attach to cell wall)

Front 22

Prophase (late)

Back 22

Centrioles move to the opposite sides of the cell, spindle fibers form between the centrioles, and chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers at their centromeres

Front 23

Polar fibor

Back 23

Extend from Central to Central, function to guide the movement of the chromosomes

Front 24

Kenetechore fibor

Back 24

Extended from the centrioles to the centromeres of the chromosome, it's function is to move the chromosomes along the polar fibers

Front 25

Metaphase

Back 25

Kinetochore fibers lengthen to push the chromosomes to the middle of the Polar fibers

Front 26

Anaphase

Back 26

The centromeres split, chromatids separate, and kinetochore fibers shorten to pull the chromatids to the opposite sides of the cell

Front 27

Telophase

Back 27

Spindle fibers disappear, new nuclear membranes form around chromatids, chromatids unwind to form chromatin

Front 28

Cytokinesis

Back 28

The division of cytoplasm and organelles that occurs after mitosis

Front 29

Cleavage flow

Back 29

Formed within animal cells during cytokinesis which the cell membrane folds inward, in plant cells a cell plate forms from fused vesicles between the two nuclei the cell plate develops into the primary cell wall

Front 30

Meiosis

Back 30

Nuclear division and reproductive cells in which a diploid nucleus divides twice to produce four haploid nuclei

Front 31

Meiosis 1

Back 31

The nucleus divides into two haploid nuclei through the separation of homologous pairs

Front 32

Prophase 1

Back 32

The chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers and are joined together in homologous pairs through the process called synapsis

Front 33

Synapsis

Back 33

A process in which two homologous chromosomes are joined together during prophase 1 of meiosis

Front 34

Tetrad

Back 34

Structure made up of four chromatids form two homologous chromosomes that are joined together during synapsis

Front 35

Crossing over

Back 35

Exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes during synapsis, it's important because it may lead to genetic recombination

Front 36

Genetic recombination

Back 36

A recombining of genes, it's important because it may lead to variations between parents and Offspring which may lead to evolution

Front 37

Metaphase 1

Back 37

Tetrads move to the center of the cell

Front 38

Anaphase 1

Back 38

Tetrads split, homologous chromosomes separate, and move to the opposite sides of the cell

Front 39

Independent assortment

Back 39

Movement of one pair of chromosomes does not affect the movement of any other chromosomes, it's important because it may lead to genetic recombination, can occur when homologous chromosomes are separated during anaphase 1 or when chromatids are separated during anaphase 2

Front 40

Telophase 1

Back 40

Spindle fibers disappear, new nuclear membranes form around the clusters of chromatids, and plant cells the chromosomes unwind to form chromatin and rewind in prophase 2, and animal cells they don't unwind

Front 41

Interkinesis

Back 41

The division of cytoplasm and organelles between meiosis 1 and meiosis 2

Front 42

Meiosis 2

Back 42

Two paploid cells divide to produce four haploid cells

Front 43

Spermatogenesis

Back 43

Male meiosis in which the cytoplasm and organelles of the plant cell are evenly divided to produce four spermatids which develop into sperm

Front 44

Oogenesis

Back 44

Female meiosis in which the cytoplasm and organelles of the parent cell are unevenly divided, one cell called ootid receives almost all the cytoplasm from the parent cell that develops into the egg, three cells called polar bodies received DNA that little or no cytoplasm and eventually die

Front 45

Gamete

Back 45

Haploid cells produced by meiosis

Front 46

Zygote

Back 46

Diploid cell produced by the fusion of two gametes