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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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andr/o
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male
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crin/o
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to secrete
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dips/o
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thirst
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insulin
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regulate carbohydrate and sugar metabolism
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pineal gland
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located in center of brain, secretes melatonin and serotonin
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melatonin
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exact function unknown, affects onset of puberty
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serotonin
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neurotransmitter that serves as precursor to melatonin
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FSH
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follice-stimulating hormone: initiates growth of ovarian follcle; stimulates secretion of estrogen in females and sperm production in males
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MSH
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melanocyte-stimulating hormone: affects skin pigmentation
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GH
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growth hormone: influences growth
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ADH
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anti-diuretic hormone: influences absorption of water by kidney tubules
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oxytocin
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influences uterine contraction
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thymosin
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regulates immune response
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triiodothyronine
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regulate metabolism
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calcitonin
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regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism
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exophthalmos
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protrusion of one or both eyeballs, often because of thyroid dysfunction or a tumor behind the eyeball
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glucosuria
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glucose in the urine
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hirsutism
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shaggy; an excessive growth of hair, esp. in unusual places
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hypergalcemia
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an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood
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hypoglycemia
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low blood sugar
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hyperkalemia
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an abnormally high level of potassium in the blood
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hyposecretion
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decreased secretion
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ketosis
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presence of an abnormal amount of ketone bodies in blood & urine indicating abnormal use of carbohydrates (uncontrolled diabetes, starvation)
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kketoacidosis
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presence of abnormal amounts of ketone bodies
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DKA
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diabetic ketoacidosis
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metabolism
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all chemical processes in body that result in growth, generation of enery, elimination of waste, & other body functions
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polydipsia
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excessive thirst
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polyuria
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excessive urination
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Cushing syndrome
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collection of signs and symptoms caused by excessive levl of cortisol hormone from any cause --> upper body obesity, facial puffiness, hyperglycemia, weakness, thin, and easily bruised skin w/ stria, hypertension, osteoporosis
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adrenal virilism
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excessive output of adrenal ecretion of androgen in adult women caused by tumor or hyperplasia --> amenorrhea, acne, hirsutism, deepening of voice
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goiter
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enlargement of thyroid gland caused by thyroid dysfunction, tumor, lack of iodine in diet, or inflamation
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Graves disease
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condition of hypersecretion of thyroid gland characterized by exophthalmos, tachycardia, goiter, and tumor
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thryotoxicosis
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hyperthyroidism
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myxedema
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advanced hypothyroidism in adults characterized by sluggishness, slow pulse, puffiness in hands and face, & dry skin
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cretinism
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condition of congenital hypothyroidism in children that results in lack of mental development & dwarfed physical stature
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BS
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blood sugar: measurement of level of blood sugar in blood
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FBS
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fasting blood sugar: measurement of level of blood sugar in blood after fasting for 12 hrs
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PPBS
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postprandial blood sugar: measurement of level of blood sugar after eating (most commonly after 2 hrs)
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GTT
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glucose tolerance test: measurement of body's ability to metabolize carbohydrates by administering a prescribed amount of glucose after a fasting period, then measuring blood & urine for glucose levels qh x 6h
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glycohemoglobin
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a molecule in hemoglobin that rises in blood as result of an increased level of blood sugar; a common blood test used in diagnosing & treating diabetes
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electrolytes
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measurement of level of specific ions (Na, K, CO2, Cl) in blood --> balance essential for normal metabolism
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thyroid function
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measurement of thyroid hormone levels in blood plasma to determine efficiency of glandular secretions
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CT
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computed tomography: CT of head used to obtain a transverse view of pituitary gland
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MRI
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magnetic resonance imagining: nonionizing images of magnetic resonance useful in identifying abnormalities of pituitary, pancreas, thyroid glands
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sonography
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images used to identify endocrine pathology, such as thyroid ultrasound
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thyroid uptake and image
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nuclear image produced by a can of thyroid to visualize radioactive accumulation of injected isotopes to detect thyroid nodules or tumors
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hypophysectomy
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excision of pituitary gland
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radioiodine therapy
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use of radioactive iodine to treat disease, such as to eradicate thyroid tumor cells
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antihypoglycemic
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drug that raises blood sugar
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HRT
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hormone replacement therapy: treatment with a hormone to correct a horomone deficiency
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hypoglycemic antihyperglycemic
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drug that lowers blood glucose e.g. insulin
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esthesi/o
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sensation
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gnos/o
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knowing
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kinesi/o
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movement
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lex/o
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word or phrase
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narco/o
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stupor, sleep
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phor/o
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carry, bear
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stere/o
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3D or solid
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top/o
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place
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asthenia
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weakness
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-mania
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abnormal impulse (attraction) toward
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paresis
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slight paralysis
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plegia
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paralysis
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cerebrum
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largest portion of brain
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corpus callosum
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bridge of nerve fibers hat connect cerebral hemispheres
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frontal lobe
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anterior section of brain --> voluntary movement & personality
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parietal lobe
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portion posterior to frontal lobe --> sensations such as pain, temperature, touch
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temporal lobe
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portion that lies below frontal lobe --> taste and smell
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occipital lobe
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portion posterior to parietal & temporal --> vision
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cerebral cortex
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ourter layer of cerebrum consisting of gray matter --> higher mental functions
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diencephalon
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thalamus: each of 2 gray matter nuclei deep within brain responsible for relaying sensory info to cortex
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gyri
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convolutions of cerebral hemispheres
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sulci
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shallow grooves that separate gyri
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fissures
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deep grooves in brain
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cerebellum
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located below occipatal lobes ==> control & coordination of skeletal muscles
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brainstem
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serves as relay btwn cerebrum, cerebellum & spinal cord --> breathing, heart rate, body temperature (mesencephalon, pons, medulla oblongata)
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meninges
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3 membranes that cover the brain - pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
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hypothalamus
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control center of ANS, nerves that carry involuntary impulses to smooth muscle, cardiac muscles & various glands
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delirium
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state of mental confuion
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dementia
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impairment of intellectual unction characterized by memory loss, disorientation, confusion
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flaccid paralysis
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defective or absent muscle control caused by a nerve lesion
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spastic paralysis
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stiff & awkward muscle control caused by CNS disorder
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sciatica
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pain that follows pathway of sciatic nerve caused by compression or trauma of nerve or its roots
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syncope
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fainting
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paresthesia
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abnormal sensation of numbness and tingling w/o objective cause
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Alzheimer disease
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disease of structural changes in brain resulting in irreversible deterioration
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CP
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cerebral palsy: condition of motor dysfunction caused by damage to cerebrum during development or injury at birth
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cerebral aneurysm
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dilation of a blood vessel in the brain
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CVA
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cerebrovascular accident: stroke, damage to brain caused by cerebrovascular disease
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TIA
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transientischemic attack: brief episode of loss of blood flow to brain, often preeds CVA
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tonic-clonic
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stiffening-jerking; major motor seizures involving all muscle groups (big bad)
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absence
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seizure involving brief loss of consciousness w/o motor involvement (little bad)
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partial
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seizure involving limited areas of brain w/ localized symptoms
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Huntington disease
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hereditary disease of CNS characterized by bizzare involuntary body movements & progressive dementia
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MS
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multiple sclerosis: disease of CNS characterized by demyelination of nerve fibers w/ episodes of neurologic dysfunction followed by recovery
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myasthenia gravis
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autoimmune disorder that affects meuromuscular junction causing a progressive decrease in muscle stregth
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Parkinson disease
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slowly progresive degeneration of nerves in brain characterized by tremor, rigidity of muscles, slow movements
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poliomyelitis
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inflammation of gray matter of spinal cord caused by virus
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polyneuritis
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inflammation involving 2 or more nerves
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spina bifida
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congenital defect in spinal column characterized by absence of vertebral arches
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EEG
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electroenchephalogram: recordof minute electrical impulses of brain --> identify neurologic conditions that affect brain function & level of consciousness
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evoked potentials
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diagnose auditory, visual, sensory pathway disorders
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PSG
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polysomnography: diagnose sleep disorders
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intracranial MRA
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MRI of head to visualize vessels of circle of Willis
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SPECT brain scan
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nuclear medicine & CT
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PET
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positron emission tomography: produce images of brain anatomy & corresponding physiology, greater accuracy than SPECT but less often
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DTR
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deep tendon reflexes: involuntary muscle contraction after percussion at a tendon indicating function
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vertebral lamina
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flattened posterior portion of vertebral arch
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flat affect
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significantly dulled emotional tone or outward reaction
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euphoria
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exaggerated, unfounded feeling of well-being
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mania
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state of abnormal elation & increased activity
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dysthymia
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characterized by chronic depression
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BD
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bipolar disorder: manic depression, up and down
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ECT
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electroconvulsive therapy: electrical shock applied to brain to induce convulsions
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psychotropic drugs
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medications used to treat mental ilnesses
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anxiolytic agents
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drugs used to reduce anxiety
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