Chapter 8

Front 1

genome

Back 1

sum total of genetic material of cell

Front 2

genome

Back 2

usually exists in form chromosomes- whcih is descrete cell substance composed of packaged DNA

Front 3

gene

Back 3

area of chromsomes that contains info on how to build specific protein or RNA

Front 4

Nucleic acid

Back 4

DNA or RNA

Front 5

nucelic acid

Back 5

direct cell metabolism and reproduction

Front 6

monomer

Back 6

nucleotide containing sugar, phosphate and nitrogen base

Front 7

DNA replication

Back 7

for speices to survive must be able to self replicate

Front 8

DNA replication

Back 8

process is semiconservtive

One side serves as template and the other is newly formed nucleotides

Front 9

Steps in DNA replication

Back 9

* topoisomerase unwinds DNA helix

*Helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between bases seperating into 2 strands

*single strand binding proteins hold DNA strands apart

*DNA polymerase III adds nucleotides

* polymerase also repairs mismatched bases

Front 10

mutation

Back 10

mismatched base pairs

any change in nucleotide sequence during replication leads to ____________

Front 11

Importance of mutation

Back 11

source of disease/disorders

sour

Front 12

Transcription

Back 12

bulid a RNA strand using DNA as a template

Front 13

translation

Back 13

build a protein using RNA molecules

Front 14

RNA different orm DNA

Back 14

* single vs double strand

*sugar is ribosome vs deoxyribose

*base -uricil replaces thyminie

Front 15

Overview of transciption

Back 15

Required elements

*DNA

*pool of nucleotides

*Enzymes

Front 16

Types of RNA

Back 16

mRNA

tRNA

rRNA

Reglatory RNA

Front 17

mRNA

Back 17

messenger RNA - transcript ( copy) of DNA code

Front 18

Steps in transcription

Back 18

*initiation-RNA polymerase reconizes promoter and begins to unwind DNA exposing bases

*Elmongation-strand of RNA synthesized by matching up new nucleotides to exposed bases by complementry base pairing

*Termination-polymerase enzyme reconizes a stop seqDNA sequence on DNA strand

-RNA strand releases from DNA

- DNA starnd rewinds to orig configuration

Front 19

Overview of translation

Back 19

required elements

mRNA

pool of tRNA with attached amino acids

ribosome composed of rRNA

Final product-sequence of amino acids-first step in forming protein

Front 20

steps in translation

Back 20

*mRNA binds with ribosome

*tRNA brings amino acids to ribosome based on codon on mRNA

*tRNA cont. to bring amino acids based on codon

*building polypeptide cont. until stop codon is reached-enzye break bond btwn final tRNA and polypeptide releasing it from ribosome

Front 21

translation in prokaryotes

Back 21

assembly line of multiple ribosomes allows for mass production of proteins in bacteria

Front 22

genetic regulation

Back 22

protein production is regulated process

Front 23

genes

Back 23

active and proteins produced only when needed

Front 24

operon

Back 24

set of genes operate as single unit to regulate genetic function

Front 25

type of operon

Back 25

inducible-normal operation mode is " OFF"-assoc with catabolic reactions

repressible- normal operating mode is "ON"- assoc with ana bolic reactions

Front 26

regulator

Back 26

gene that codes for a protein that is cable of turing off the operon

Front 27

promoter

Back 27

DNA sequence reconizes by RNA polymerase as starting point for transcription

Front 28

operator

Back 28

DNA sequence that acts as an on/off switch for transcription

Front 29

structual locus

Back 29

3 genes that code for enzymes needed to catobolize lactose

Front 30

example of inducible operon

Back 30

lactose operon(lac)- sequence of DNA that regulates catobolism of latcosein E. coli

Front 31

lac operon in OFF position

Back 31

normal mode is OFF

repressor protein attaches to operator- stops transcription and translation of enzymes needed to digest lactose can begin

Front 32

mutation

Back 32

change in DNA occurs during DAN replication

Front 33

horizontal gene transfer

Back 33

transfer of DNA betwn organisms

Front 34

genes for drug reistance get passed by all 3 mechanisms of horiztontal gene transfer

Back 34

conjungation

transformation

transduction

Front 35

conjugation

Back 35

exchng of DNA requiring the attachment of 2 related species byy a pillis

both bacterial cells are alive during this exchange

Front 36

transformation

Back 36

donor cell that is dead or lysed gives a fragment of DNA to a live recipent cell

Front 37

discovery of transformation resulted in 2 types of pneumcoccal bacteria

Back 37

with capsles - S type and smooth shiny

withoout- R type, rough coarse colonies

Front 38

importance of capsules

Back 38

encapsulated bacteria are protected form host immune system-WBC cannot phagocytize

Front 39

griffiths experiments

*injected mice with live encapsulated pnemococci (S , smooth surface)

Back 39

mice died from pneumonia WBC wouldnt break down

Front 40

injected mice with live non-encapsulated pneumococci

Back 40

mice lived -immune system killed bacteria

Front 41

injected mice with dead encapsulated bacteria

Back 41

mice survied - dead bacteria couldnt produe disease

Front 42

injected mice with live no capsule and dead capsle bacteria

Back 42

mice dies form pneumonia

Front 43

why did mice die form group with mix of dead capsle and live no caslple bacteria

Back 43

some bacteria had been transformed from no capsle to encaplulated bacteria ( s type)

Front 44

transduction

Back 44

exchnage of DNA via bacteriphage ( viruse that infect bacteria

Front 45

Transduction

Back 45

phage infects donor cell

* during replaication and asembly of new virus. phage takes on piece of bacteria DNA

* donor cell lyses, relasing phages

* phage penetrates a sec cell ( cell B)- DNA form cell A recombnes with DNA from cell B

Front 46

recombinant

Back 46

delibertely remove genetic material form 1 organism and combine it with DNA from another

Front 47

examples of genetically engineered products

Back 47

Miscellaneous

*bacteria that eats oil

*featherless chickens

*pest resistant plants

*wrinkle-resistant cotton

*spider silk for parachute and bullet proof vest-strong light

Front 48

Ex of genetically engineered products

Back 48

Hormones

Miscellaneous

Vaccines/ Medicines

Front 49

Hormones EPO

Back 49

stimulates bone marrow to make blood cells

"blood doping"- artificially induced polycythemia ( excess RBC's) to increase aerobic performance

Front 50

Insulin

Back 50

regulate blood sugar levels in diabetics

Front 51

HGH

Back 51

human growth hormone-stimulates growth in children with drawfism

Front 52

BGH

Back 52

bovine growth hormone-increase milk production

Front 53

Vaccines/Medicine

Back 53

hepatitis B and HPV

tPA- tissue plasminogen activator-clot buster-given to heart attack victims to break up clots in coronary arteries

Front 54

steps in recombining DNA

Back 54

*identify and isolate

*insert newly cut DNA into vector

*vector delivers DNA in cloning host

Front 55

Characteristics in vector

Back 55

be able to carry good significant piece of DNA

* be accepted by the host cell for cloning

Front 56

characteristics in cloning host

Back 56

*rapid growth rate

*nonpathogenic

*known DNA -geonome is already mapped

*will readily accept vectors

Front 57

Common cloning host

Back 57

bacteria, yeast, plants