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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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electromyogram (EMG) |
an electrical potential recorded from an electrode placed on or in a muscle |
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electro-oculogram (EOG)
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an electrical potential from the eyes, recorded by means of electrodes placed on the skin around them; detects eye movements |
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alpha activity
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regular electrical activity of 8-12Hz recorded from the brain; generally associated with a state of relaxation |
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beta activity |
irregular electrical activity of 13-30 Hz recorded from the brain; generally associated with a state of arousal |
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theta activity
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EEG activity of 3.5-.5 Hz that occurs intermittently during early stages of slow-wave sleep and REM sleep |
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delta activity
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regular, high amplitude, synchronous electrical activity of less than 4 Hz recorded from the brain; occurs during the deepest stages of SWS |
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slow-wave sleep
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Non-REM sleep, characterized by synchronized EEG activity during its deeper stages, sleep stages 3 and 4 |
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down state
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a period of inhibition during a slow oscillation during SWS; neurons in the neocortex are silent and resting |
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up state
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a period of excitation during a slow oscillation during SWS; neurons in the neocortex briefly fire at a high rate |
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REM sleep
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a period of desynchronized EEG activity during sleep, at which time dreaming, rapid eye movements, and muscular paralysis occur; also called paradoxical sleep |
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sleep apnea
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cessation of breathing while sleeping
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narcolepsy
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a sleep disorder characterized by periods of irresistible sleep, attacks of cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations
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sleep attack
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a symptom of narcolepsy; an irresistible urge to sleep during the day, after which the person awakens feeling refreshed
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cataplexy
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a symptom of narcolepsy; complete paralysis that occurs during waking
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sleep paralysis
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a symptom of narcolepsy; paralysis occurring just before a person falls asleep
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hypnagogic hallucination
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a symptom of narcolepsy; vivid dreams that occur just before a person falls asleep; accompanied by sleep paralysis |
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orexin |
a peptide, also known as hypocretin, produced by neurons whose cell bodies are located in the lateral hypothalamus; their destruction causes narcolepsy High levels during wakefulness, low in SWS and REM |
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REM sleep behavior disorder
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a neurological disorder in which the person does not become paralyzed during REM sleep and thus acts out dreams |
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sleep-related eating disorder
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a disorder in which the person leaves his or her bed and seeks out and eats food while sleepwalking, usually without a memory for the episode the next day |
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fatal familial insomnia |
a fatal inherited disorder characterized by progressive insomnia
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rebound phenomenon |
the increased frequency or intensity of a phenomenon after it has been temporarily suppressed; for example, the increase in REM sleep seen after a period of REM sleep deprivation |
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adenosine
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a neuromodulator that is released by neurons engaging in high levels of metabolic activity; may play a primary role in the initiation of sleep |
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locus coeruleus
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a dark colored group of noradrenergic cell bodies located in the pons near the rostral end of the floor of the fourth ventricle; involved in arousal and vigilance. Releases Norepinephrine |
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raphe nuclei |
a group of nuclei located in the reticular formation of the medulla, pons, and midbrain; situated along the midline; contain seroteonergic neurons |
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tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN)
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a nucleus in the ventral posterior hypothalamus, just rostral to the mammillary bodies; contains histaminergic neurons involved in the cortical activation and behavioral arousal
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ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA)
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a group of GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area whose activity suppresses alertness and behavioral arousal and promotes sleep
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sublateraldorsal nucleus (SLD)
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a region of the dorsal pons, just ventral to the locus coeruleus, that forms the REM-ON portion of the REM sleep flip-flop
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ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter (vlPAG)
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a region of the dorsal midbrain that forms the REM-OFF portion of the REM sleep flip-flop
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circadian rhythm
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a daily rhythmical change in behavior or physiological process
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zeitgeber
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a stimulus (usually the light of dawn) that resets the biological clock that is responsible for circadian rhythms
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suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
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a nucleus situated atop the optic chiasm. It contains a biological clock that is responsible for organizing many of the body's circadian rhythms
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melanopsin
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a photopigment present in the ganglion cells in the retina whose axons transmit information to the SCN, the thalamus, and the olivary pretectal nuclei
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advanced sleep phase syndrome
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a four-hour advance in rhythms of sleep and temperature cycles, apparently caused by a mutation of a gene (per2) involved in the rhythmicity of neurons of the SCN
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delayed sleep phase syndrome
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a four-hour delay in rhythms of sleep and temperature cycles, possibly caused by a mutation of a gene (per3) involved in the rhythmicity of neurons of the SCN
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pineal gland |
a gland attached to the dorsal tectum; produces melantonin and plays a role in circadian and season rhythms
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melatonin
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a hormone secreted during the night by the pineal body; plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms |
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Electroencephalogram (EEG) |
Measure brain potentials recorded using electrode placed on the scalp |
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K complexes |
sudden sharp wave forms found only in stage 2 sleep, appears to play role in consolidation of memories |
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Sleep spindles |
short bursts of waves 12-14Hz, occurs 2-5 times a minute in 1-4 stage of sleep |
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Stage 1 sleep |
Stage of sleep marked by presence of theta activity, transitioning between sleep and wakefulness |
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Stage 2 sleep |
Stage of sleep contains periods of theta activity, sleep spindles and K complexes EEG in this stage will be irragular |
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acetylcholine |
Neurotransmitter involved in arousal, neurons located in dorsal pons and basal forebrain. High levels in hippocampus and neocortex during waking and REM, low during SWS |
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norepinephrine |
Neurotransmitter secreted by the locus coerulus, involved in arousal and vigilance. High levels during wakefulness, low in SWS and zero in REM |
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serotinin |
Neurotransmitter secreted by neurons in Raphe Nuclei. High levels during wakefulness, low in SWS and zero in REM |
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histamine |
Neurotransmitter secreted by tuberomammillary nucleus. Directly increases cortical activation and arousal in cerebral cortex. High during waking, low in SWS and REM |
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Explicit memory |
Type of long term memory associated with the memories we can talk about, past episodes/event, also spatial relevance of landmarks Also called declarative memory |
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Implicit memory |
Type of long term memory associated with skills we acquire, practice and things we must memorize Also called nondeclaritive memory |
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orexinergic neurons |
These neurons help stabilize sleep/waking flip/flop through excitatory connections Important for the neural control of SWS |
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Jouvet's lesions |
lesions of the paralysis neurons that prevent paralysis during REM sleep |
