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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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vancomicin
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most powerful, broad spectrum antibiotic
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haploid
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containing a single set of genes
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genotype
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sequence of nucleotides in DNA
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a genetic mutation alters
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an organism's genotype and phenotype
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vertical gene transfer
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mutant cells pass on modification to offspring (progeny) and they become mutant as well
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horizontal (lateral) gene transfer
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plasmid transferred between cells
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wild-type organism
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strain whose properties are similar to the organism first isolated from nature (original)
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spontaneous mutation can occur from
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base substitutions, removal or addition of nucleotides, transposable elements
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base substitution
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most common type of mutation
result from mistake during DNA synthesis |
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silent mutation
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nucleotide change that generates a codon which still codes for the same wild-type amino acid
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missense mutation
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new codon specifies a different amino acid
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nonsense mutation
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new codon is a stop codon
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frameshift mutation
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shift in the translational reading frame by removal or addition of a nucleotide
results in premature stop codon |
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transposable elements
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segments of DNA that move spontaneously from gene to gene between cells
disrupt proper function of gene |
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nitrous acid
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converts amino group into keto group (changes cytosine to uracil)
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alkylating agents
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largest group of chemical mutagens
alters hydrogen bonding of bases ex: nitroguanine |
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intercalating agents
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molecules that insert themselves between bases
extra base is often added to fill space ex: ethidium bromide |
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transposition
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induce mutation in laboratory
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UV light
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causes covalent bonding between adjacent thymine bases and distorts DNA
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X-rays
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cause breaks and alterations in DNA - lethal
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proofreading
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by DNA polymerase
found in eukaryotes and bacteria |
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mismatch repair system
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endonuclease removes nucleotide
DNA polymerase fills gap DNA ligase joins ends found in eukaryotes and partially in bacteria |
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DNA-mediated transformation
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uptake of "naked" DNA by recipient cells
can be integrated or non-integrated in chromosome |
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transduction
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bacterial phage infects a new bacterial cell and inserts the donor DNA into the recipient cell and donor DNA is integrated
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conjugation
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only form of gene exchange in which donor survives
mediated by a plasmid cells must be of opposite mating types |
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plasmid transfer steps
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1.contact between cells
2.mobilization or activation of DNA transfer 3.plasmid transfer 4.synthesis of a functional plasmid inside the recipient and donor cells |
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resistance (R) genes
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encode the resistance traits
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resistance transfer factor (RTF)
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encode the properties required for conjugation
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