Chapter 7- The Roman Empire

Front 1

Roman Empire key characteristics

Back 1

- 4 Styles of painting
-Big civil projects
-they invented concrete
-ancestors are important

Front 2

Periods in Roman Empire

Back 2

-REPUBLIC
-EARLY EMPIRE
-HIGH EMPIRE
-LATE EMPIRE

Front 3

Important architecture (name 6)

Back 3

-barrel and groin vaults
-domes
-triumphal arch
-aqueducts
-amphitheaters
-baths

Front 4

verism is

Back 4

a naturalistic approach, especially in portraiture, in which every wrinkle and flaw of the subject is faithfully reproduced

Front 5

Temple of Portunus (Temple of “Fortuna Virilis”), Rome, Italy,
ca. 75 bce.

Back 5

-Republic Rome, Roman Empire
-Republican temples combine Etruscan plans and Greek elevations. temple employs the Ionic order, but has a staircase and freestanding columns only at the front - resultant mix is uniquely Roman
-dedicated to Portunus, the Roman god of harbors

Front 6

Man with ancestor
busts, late first
century BCE.

Back 6

-Republican Rome, Roman empire
-aristocratic patricians were fiercely proud of their lineage and kept busts of ancestors
-example of verism
-heads may be busts or deathmasks

Front 7

Name 4 styles of painting and each characteristics

Back 7

1- Masonry style (first style) walls painted to look like different types of marble and stone

2- Second style Illusion that dissolves wall to create a 3d space. Linear perspective and atmospheric perspective starts

3-Third style - flat wall that has elegant and intricate details

4- Forth style - Combines 2nd and 3rd style, windows painted on as well as pictures and designs for wall

Front 8

Dionysiac mystery frieze, Second Style wall paintings in room 5 of the Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii, Italy, ca. 60–50 bce. Fresco,
frieze 5 4 high.

Back 8

-Second style wall painting
-painters created the illusion of an imaginary three-dimensional world on the walls of Roman houses
-figures in this room are acting out the initiation rites of the Dionysiac mysteries
-Dionysos was the focus of an unofficial mystery religion popular among women in Italy at this time
-art engages entire space (figures look into and across room)

Front 9

Fourth Style wall paintings in the
Ixion Room (triclinium P) of the House of
the Vettii, Pompeii, Italy, ca. 70–79 ce

Back 9

-Forth style wall painting
-Late Fourth Style murals are often garishly
colored, crowded, and confused compositions
with a mixture of architectural views,
framed mythological panel paintings, and
First and Third Style motifs.
-mythological paintings on Third and Fourth Style walls were based on lost Greek panels

Front 10

Portrait of Augustus as general, from Primaporta, Italy,
early-first-century ce copy of a bronze original of ca. 20 bce.Marble,
6 8 high.Musei Vaticani, Rome.

Back 10

-Imperial Rome, Roman empire
-Augustus’s idealized portraits were modeled on Classical Greek statues and depict him as a son of a god
-Cupid at Augustus’s feet alludes to his divine descent
-The reliefs on the cuirass advertise an important diplomatic victory—the return of the Roman military standards the Parthians had captured from a Republican general

Front 11

Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of
Augustan Peace; looking northeast), Rome,
Italy, 13–9 bce.

Back 11

-Imperial Rome, Roman empire
-celebrates the establishment of peace
-east facade of the Ara Pacis is a female personification with two babies on her lap epitomizes the fruits of the Pax (Peace) Augusta.
-clearly inspired to some degree by the Panathenaic procession frieze
-the Ara Pacis friezes depict recognizable individuals, including children. Augustus promoted marriage and childbearing.

Front 12

Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater), Rome,
Italy, ca. 70–80 ce

Back 12

- Imperial Rome, Roman Empire
-complex system of concrete barrel vaults held up the seats
-world’s largest amphitheater, where 50,000 spectators could watch gladiatorial combats and wild animal hunts
-Vespasian reclaimed for the public the land Nero had confiscated for his private pleasure
-built to pacify
-design based on 2 Greek theaters
-flanked by columns for decoration, not support
-Column order: Doric on bottom, Ionic in the middle and Corinthian on top

Front 13

Arch of Titus, Rome, Italy, after 81 ce

Back 13

-Imperial Rome, Roman Empire
-Domitian erected this arch on the road leading into the Roman Forum to honor his brother, the emperor Titus, who became a god after his death. --Victories fill the spandrels of the arcuated passageway.
-flanked by columns
-triumphal arch
-Decorated by reliefs

Front 14

Spoils of Jerusalem, relief panel
from the Arch of Titus,
Rome, Italy, after 81 ce.
Marble, 7 10 high.

Back 14

-Imperial Rome, Roman Empire
-reliefs inside the bay of the Arch of Titus commemorate the emperor’s greatest achievement—the conquest of Judaea. Here, Roman soldiers carry the spoils from the Jewish temple in Jerusalem.

Front 15

Triumph of Titus, relief panel from
the Arch of Titus, Rome,
Italy, after 81 ce.Marble,
7 10 high

Back 15

-Imperial Rome, Roman Empire
-Victory crowns Titus in his triumphal chariot.
Also present are personifications of Honor and
Valor in this first known instance of the intermingling of human and divine figures in a Roman historical relief.
-He was already declared a god when it was made
-Soon afterward this kind of interaction between mortals and immortals became a staple of Roman narrative relief sculpture, even on monuments
honoring a living emperor.

Front 16

Forum of Trajan, Rome, Italy, dedicated
112 ce
(1) Temple of Trajan, (2) Column of Trajan,
(3) libraries, (4) Basilica Ulpia, (5) forum,
(6) equestrian statue of Trajan.

Back 16

-Imperial Rome, Roman empire
-A forum is a grand public square for public gatherings to see emperor and speeches
-Large square with a sculpture. Basilica located at one end w/claristory for light. Behind that is the temple.
-There are several Apse in the forum (semi circle structures attached to wall) with different activities in each (shrine of emperor, shrine of liberty)
-they destroyed the shopping district to build the forum

Front 17

Column of Trajan, Forum of Trajan, Rome, Italy, dedicated 112 ce.

Back 17

-Imperial Rome, Roman empire
-spiral frieze of Trajan’s column tells the story of the Dacian Wars in 150 episodes. All aspects of the campaigns were represented, from battles to sacrifices to road and fort construction.
-Located in Trajan Forum
-128 feet high
-enemy is not belittled. The Romans
won because of their superior organization and more powerful army, not because they were inherently superior beings

Front 18

Markets of Trajan, Rome, Italy, ca. 100–112 ce

Back 18

-Imperial Rome, Roman Empire
-brick-faced concrete
-vast multilevel complex of barrel-vaulted
shops and administrative offices
-lit by skylights through groin vaults (first introduced here)
-first covered shopping center

Front 19

Pantheon, Rome, Italy, 118–125 ce

Back 19

-Imperial Rome, Roman Empire
-Temple for all the Gods
-Greek temple front attached to drum and concrete dome
-More emphasis on size from inside then outside appearance
-Dome has Oculus, an opening in the center of the dome that allows light in
-there are niches for the 12 gods inside
-they used heavy material on the bottom and light near the top of the dome so it wouldn't collapse, also thinner at top (Pumice)
- Corinthian columns