Chapter 7: The Nervous System

Front 1

Nervous System

Back 1

Master controlling and communicating system of the body

Front 2

Electrical impulses

Back 2

Means of communication between nervous system and body cells

Front 3

Sensory input, integration, and motor output

Back 3

3 overlapping functions of the nervous system

Front 4

Sensory input

Back 4

Gathered information of stimuli

Front 5

Integration

Back 5

Processes and interprets the sensory input and decides what should be done

Front 6

Motor output

Back 6

Responds by activations muscles or glands

Front 7

Endocrine system

Back 7

Second important regulating system

Front 8

CNS and the PNS

Back 8

Two subdivisions of the nervous system

Front 9

CNS

Back 9

Occupies the dorsal cavity and acts as the integrating and command centers of the nervous system

Front 10

CNS

Back 10

Interprets incoming sensory info and issues instructions based on past experiences and current conditions

Front 11

Spinal nerves and cranial nerves

Back 11

2 types of nerves that serve as communication lines

Front 12

Link all parts of the body by carrying impulses from the sensory receptors to the CNs And from the CNS muscles or glands

Back 12

Spinal nerves and cranial nerves

Front 13

Sensory division and motor division

Back 13

2 subdivisions of the PNS

Front 14

Sensory division

Back 14

Also known as the afferent division

Front 15

Sensory division

Back 15

Conveys impulses TO the CNS from sensory receptors

Front 16

Somatic sensory

Back 16

Delivering impulses from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints

Front 17

Visceral sensory

Back 17

Transmits to the brain from the visceral organs

Front 18

Motor division

Back 18

Also knows as the efferent division

Front 19

Motor division

Back 19

Carries impulses FROM the CNS to effector organs, muscles and glands

Front 20

Somatic and autonomic

Back 20

2 subdivisions of the motor division

Front 21

Somatic NS

Back 21

Allows us to voluntarily control skeletal muscles

Front 22

Somatic NS

Back 22

Also known as the voluntary NS

Front 23

Skeletal muscles reflexes

Back 23

Initiated involuntarily by somatic NS

Front 24

Smooth and cardiac muscles and glands

Back 24

Things that are controlled by the autonomic NS

Front 25

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

Back 25

2 subdivisions of the autonomic NS

Front 26

Supporting cells and neurons

Back 26

Nervous tissue is made out of these

Front 27

Neuroglia

Back 27

Supporting cells in the CNS ARE "lumped together" as nerve glue.

Front 28

Support, insulate and protect the neurons

Back 28

Functions of the neuroglia

Front 29

Astrocytes

Back 29

Abundant, star shaped cells that account for nearly half of the neural tissue.

Front 30

microglia

Back 30

Spider like phagocytes that dispose of debris, including dead brain cells and bacteria

Front 31

Ependymal cells

Back 31

Line the central cavities of the brain and the spinal cord

Front 32

Oligodrndrocytes

Back 32

Glia the wrap their flat extensions tightly around the nerve fibers, producing myelin sheaths

Front 33

Shwann cells

Back 33

Form myelin sheaths and nerve fibers around the PNS

Front 34

Satellite cells

Back 34

Protective, cushioning cells in the PNS

Front 35

Astrocytes

Back 35

Numerous projections have swollen ends that cling to neurons

Front 36

Blood capillaries

Back 36

Supply lines for astrocytes and neurons

Front 37

Astrocytes

Back 37

Form a living barrier between capillaries and neurons and play a role exchanging between the two

Front 38

Astrocytes

Back 38

Help control the environment by "mopping up" leaked K+ ions and recapturing the released neurotransmitters

Front 39

Neurons

Back 39

(Nerve cells) transmit messages from one part of the body to another

Front 40

Glia are not able to transmit nerve impulses. Glia never lose their ability to divide.

Back 40

Differences between neurons and glial cells

Front 41

Gliomas

Back 41

Most brain tumors

Front 42

Cell body
Slender processes

Back 42

Common features of all neurons

Front 43

Cell body

Back 43

Metabolic center of the neuron

Front 44

Centrioles

Back 44

Only organelle the neurons do not have in the cell body

Front 45

Missiles substance

Back 45

Rough ER

Front 46

Neurofibrils

Back 46

Intermediate filaments that are important in maintaining cell shape.

Front 47

Processes

Back 47

Vary in length from microscopic to 3 to 4 feet

Front 48

Lumbar region. Spine to great toe

Back 48

Longest process in the human body

Front 49

Dendrites

Back 49

Neuron processes that convey incoming messages toward the body cell

Front 50

Axons

Back 50

Generate nerve impulses and conduct them AWAY from the cell body

Front 51

Axon

Back 51

Each neuron only has one...

Front 52

Axon hillock

Back 52

Axon arises from the cone like structure

Front 53

Axon terminals

Back 53

Contain neurotransmitters

Front 54

Synapse

Back 54

Tiny gap that separates the axon terminal from the neuron

Front 55

Protects and insulates fibers and increases the transmission rate of nerve impulses

Back 55

Functions of myelin

Front 56

Schwann cells

Back 56

Myelinate the axons outside the CNS

Front 57

Neurilemma

Back 57

Part of the schwann cell, external to the myelin sheath

Front 58

Myelin sheath

Back 58

Encloses the axon

Front 59

Proprioceptors

Back 59

Constantly advise our brain of our own movements

Front 60

Motor (efferent) neurons

Back 60

Carry impulses from the CNS to the viscera and/or muscles and glands

Front 61

CNS

Back 61

Cell bodies of motor neurons are located.....

Front 62

Interneurons

Back 62

Also known as association neurons

Front 63

Interneurons

Back 63

Connect the motor and sensory neurons in neural pathways. Cell bodies are always located in the CNS

Front 64

Multipolar neuron

Back 64

Several processes extending from cell body

Front 65

Multipolar

Back 65

All Motor and association neurons (most common structural type)

Front 66

Bipolar neurons

Back 66

Neurons with 2 processes, axon and dendrite

Front 67

Eye and nose

Back 67

Bipolar neurons are found.....

Front 68

Unipolar neuron

Back 68

Very short and divided almost immediately into proximal (central) and distal(peripheral) processes

Front 69

Unipolar neurons

Back 69

Single processes emerging from the cell body

Front 70

Dendrites

Back 70

Small branches at the end of the peripheral process are...

Front 71

Axons

Back 71

The remainder of the unipolar neuron of the peripheral process and the central process functions as.....

Front 72

Unipolar neurons

Back 72

Axon conducts both toward and away from cell body

Front 73

PNS ganglia

Back 73

Sensory neurons found in ____ are unipolar

Front 74

Irritability

Back 74

Ability to respond to stimuli

Front 75

Conductivity

Back 75

Ability to transmit an impulse

Front 76

Plasma membrane is polarized
Fewer positive ions are inside the cell than outside

Back 76

Step 1 of the nerve impulse

Front 77

Potassium

Back 77

Ions in the cell during step 1

Front 78

Stimulus depolarizes the neurons membrane
Depolarized membrane allows (na+) to flow inside the membrane

Back 78

Step 2 of nerve impulse

Front 79

Graded potential

Back 79

Inside is more positive and outside is less positive

Front 80

Nerve impulse

Back 80

Action potential=

Front 81

Action potential
Nerve impulse starts (beginning and end over entire axon)
Impulses travel faster when fibers have a myelin sheath

Back 81

Step 3 of nerve impulse

Front 82

Repolarization
K+ ions rush out of the neuron after sodium ions rush in, which repolarizes the membrane.
-sodium-potassium pump, using ATP, restores the original configuration

Back 82

Step 4 of nerve impulse

Front 83

1) neurotransmitter is released from a nerve's axon terminal
2) dendrite of the next neuron has receptors that are stimulated by the neurotransmitter
3) action potential is started in the dendrite

Back 83

Steps of transmission of a signal synapses

Front 84

Electrochemical event

Back 84

Transmission of an impulse is an

Front 85

Reflex

Back 85

Rapid, predictable and involuntary response to a stimulus

Front 86

Reflex

Back 86

Occurs over pathways called reflexarcs

Front 87

Reflex arcs

Back 87

Direct route from a sensory neuron, to an Interneuron, to an effector

Front 88

Skeletal muscles

Back 88

Somatic reflexes regulate

Front 89

Smooth muscles regulation
Heart and blood pressure
Regulation of glands
Digestive system regulation

Back 89

Autonomic activates

Front 90

Receptor
Sensory neuron
Integration center
Motor neuron
Effector

Back 90

5 parts of a reflex arc

Front 91

Two-neuron reflex

Back 91

Simplest type of reflex arc

Front 92

Flexor reflex

Back 92

3 neuron reflex=

Front 93

Brain and spinal cord

Back 93

Neural tube forms into

Front 94

Ventricles

Back 94

Opening of the neural tube becomes the

Front 95

Cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum

Back 95

4 major regions of the brain

Front 96

Cerebrum

Back 96

More than half of the brain mass

Front 97

Gyri

Back 97

Mountains of the brain

Front 98

Sulci

Back 98

Grooves of the brain

Front 99

Fissures

Back 99

Deeper grooves of the brain

Front 100

Longitudinal fissure

Back 100

Separate the cerebral hemispheres

Front 101

Cortex, white matter and basal nuclei

Back 101

3 basic regions of each cerebral hemisphere

Front 102

Speech, memory, logical and emotional response, consciousness, interpretation of sensation and voluntary movement

Back 102

Functions of the cerebral cortex

Front 103

Parietal lobe

Back 103

Primary somatic sensory area located in the

Front 104

Cerebral cortex

Back 104

Impulses traveling from the body's sensory receptors (except special senses) and located and interpreted in this area of the brain

Front 105

Primary somatic sensory area

Back 105

Allows you to recognize pain, coldness or a light touch

Front 106

Posterior part of the occipital lobe

Back 106

Visual area of the brain

Front 107

Temporal lobe

Back 107

Auditory area

Front 108

Deep inside the temporal lobe

Back 108

Olfactory area

Front 109

Frontal lobe

Back 109

Primary motor area

Front 110

Corticospinal or pyramidal tract

Back 110

Axons of the frontal lobe form the motor tract-

Front 111

Brocas area

Back 111

Involved in our ability to speak

Front 112

Junction of the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes

Back 112

Speech area is located at

Front 113

Frontal lobes

Back 113

Houses language comprehension

Front 114

Gray matter

Back 114

Cerebral hemispheres are found in the outermost

Front 115

Corpus callosum

Back 115

Connects hemispheres

Front 116

Diencephalon

Back 116

Sits on the brain stem

Front 117

Diencephalon

Back 117

Enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres

Front 118

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus

Back 118

3 parts of the diencephalon

Front 119

Surrounds the 3rd ventricle
Is a relay station for sensory impulses
Transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex for localization and interpretation

Back 119

The thalamus

Front 120

Under the thalamus
ANS nervous system center
Helps regulate body temp
Controls water balance
Regulates metabolism
Important part of the lambic system
Pituitary gland is attached

Back 120

Hypothalamus

Front 121

Lambic system

Back 121

Emotional visceral brain

Front 122

Hypothalamus

Back 122

Mammillary bodies bulge off of this

Front 123

Forms the roof of the 3rd ventricle
Houses the pineal body
Includes the choroid plexus

Back 123

Epithlamus

Front 124

Choroid plexus

Back 124

Forms CS fluid

Front 125

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata

Back 125

Parts of the Brain stem

Front 126

Mostly composed of nerve fibers
Has 2 bulging fiber tracts(cerebral peduncles)

Back 126

Midbrain

Front 127

Corpa quadrigemina

Back 127

4 rounded protrusions of the midbrain

Front 128

Corps quadrigemina

Back 128

Centers involved with vision and hearing

Front 129

Bulging center part of the brain stem
Mostly composed of fiber tracts
Breathing

Back 129

Pons

Front 130

Lowest part of brain stem
Merges into spinal cord
Included important fiber tracts
(Heart rate, BP, breathing, swallowing, vomiting)

Back 130

Medulla Oblongata

Front 131

Diffused mass of gray matter along the brain stem
Involved in motor control of visceral organs
Regulates sleep/wake cycle

Back 131

Reticular Formation

Front 132

2 convoluted hemispheres
Provides involuntary coordination of body movements
Balance and equilibrium

Back 132

Cerebellum

Front 133

Scalp&skin
Skull and vertebral column
Meninges
CSF
blood-brain barrier

Back 133

Steps of the protection of the CNS

Front 134

Dura Mater

Back 134

Outermost layer of the meninges

Front 135

Double layered
Has periosteum
Meningeal layer

Back 135

Dura Mater

Front 136

Dural venous sinuses

Back 136

Dural layers are fused together except in three areas where they separate to enclose

Front 137

Arachnoid layer

Back 137

Middle layer of the meninges

Front 138

Pia Mater

Back 138

Clings to the surface to the brain.

Front 139

Hydrocephalus

Back 139

CSF accumulation and exerts pressure on the brain if not allowed to drain

Front 140

Similar to blood plasma coordination
Formed my the choroid plexus
Forms watery cushion
Circulated in the arachnoid space, ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord

Back 140

Cerebrospinal fluid