Chapter 7: States Of Consciousness

Front 1

biological rhythms

Back 1

periodic physiological fluctuations

Front 2

circadian rhythms

Back 2

the biological clock; regular bodily rhytms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle

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REM sleep

Back 3

rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscules are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active

Front 4

alpha waves

Back 4

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

Front 5

sleep

Back 5

periodic natural, reversible loss of consciousness-as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

Front 6

hallucinations

Back 6

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external stimulus

Front 7

delta waves

Back 7

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

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insomnia

Back 8

recurring problmes in faling or staying asleep

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narcolepsy

Back 9

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, oftenat inopportune times

Front 10

sleep apnea

Back 10

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleeo and repeated momentary awakenings

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night terrors

Back 11

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousla and an apperance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, amd are seldom remembered

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dream

Back 12

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it

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manifest content

Back 13

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content)

Front 14

latent content

Back 14

according to Freud, the underlying meassage pf a dream (as distinct from its manifest content). Freud believed that a dream's latent contentfunctions as a safety valve

Front 15

REM rebound

Back 15

the tendancy for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivtion (created by reoeated awakenings during REM sleep)

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hypnosis

Back 16

a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certian perceptions, thoughts, feelings, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

Front 17

posthypnotic suggestion

Back 17

a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors

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dissociation

Back 18

a split in consciouness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

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psychoactive drug

Back 19

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood

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tolerance

Back 20

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect

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withdrawal

Back 21

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug

Front 22

physical dependence

Back 22

a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawl symptoms when the drug is discontinued

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psychological dependance

Back 23

a physiological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions

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addiction

Back 24

complusive drug craving and use

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depressants

Back 25

drugs (such as alcholo, barbiturates, and opiaes) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

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barbiturates

Back 26

drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but imparing memory and judgment

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opiates

Back 27

opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

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stimulants

Back 28

drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up bodily funcitons

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amphetamines

Back 29

drugs that stimulate nerual activity, causing speeded-up body functions and assoicated energy and mood changes

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methamphetamines

Back 30

a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and assoicated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels

Front 31

ecstasy (MDMA)

Back 31

a synthetic stimulat and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood cognition

Front 32

hallucinogens

Back 32

psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory imput

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LSD

Back 33

a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid

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THC

Back 34

the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

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near-death expierence

Back 35

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

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dualism

Back 36

the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact

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monism

Back 37

the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing