Chapter 7 Review (Learning)

Front 1

What is learning?

Back 1

A relatively permanent change in behavior due to an experience (can be lost or changed).

Front 2

What are the three main categories of learning?

Back 2

1) Association
2) Operant Conditioning
3) Classical Conditioning

Front 3

Describe the process of learning by association.

Back 3

*We recognize when two events occur together (response and consequences)

*These associations naturally occur in nature or are commonly thought of occuring together

Front 4

Give an example of learning by association.

Back 4

A child puts a quarter into a gumball machine and expects to get a gumball in return.

Front 5

What is classical conditioning?

Back 5

*Organisms learn to associate two stimuli together that often do not relate to each other (neural stimulus begins to produce a response)

Front 6

Who is Ivan Pavlov and what was he famous for doing?

Back 6

*Russian Physician who studied digestive secretians

*Stumbled on the discovery of dogs anticipating food and designed an experiment to study how dogs learn to anticipate food (through drool)

Front 7

Describe Pavlov's study (using information from the video clip).

Back 7

*Dogs drooled automatically when their tounges touched food ("salvation reflex")

*Ivan played a metronome right before he gave a dog food (the dog formed an association between the ticking of the metronome and food)

*The dog learned to drool at the ticking of the metronome because it thought it was recieving food (through association)

Front 8

Nuetral stimulus + unconditioned stimulus = ?

Back 8

Unconditioned response

Front 9

(No food allowed!)
What is an example of Classical Conditioning?

Back 9

*Pollen from flowers makes me sneeze, so whenever I see a flower, I sneeze.

UCS= pollen
UCR = sneezing
Nuetral = The flower

Flower + Pollen = Sneezing
to
Flower = Sneezing

Front 10

A psychologist named Watson took a little boy named Albert and wanted to see if the emotion of "fear" could be conditioned. Therefore, when Albert was given a bunny, a loud noise behind him went off, making Albert frightened. After a while, Albert became afraid of the bunny.

In this (real) experiment, what was the UCS, the UCR, and the Nuetral stimulus?

Back 10

UCS = loud noise
UCR = the emotion of fear
Nuetral = the bunny

so...
Bunny + Loud Noise = Fear
to
Bunny = Fear

Front 11

In Pavlov's experiment, identify the UCS, the UCR, and the nuetral stimulus.

Back 11

UCS = Food
UCR = Salvation
Nuetral = Tone

so...
Food + Tone = Salvation
to
Tone = Salvation

Front 12

What is aquisition?

Back 12

*In classical conditioning, it's the (initial) phase in which an organism begins to have a UCR to a neutral stimulus (when an organism begins to associate two unlike things).

*In operant conditiong, it's the strenghtening of a reinforced response

Front 13

What is extinction?

Back 13

*When a UCS does not follow a CS (classical conditioning)

*When a response is no longer reinforced, meaning no motivation to continue the behavior (operant conditioning)

Front 14

What is spontaneous recovery?

Back 14

After a CS becomes extinct, it is the phase where the organism picks up the behavior once again (yet the behavior is not as strong as it once was)

Front 15

What is generalization?

Back 15

When a stimuli is similar to other things, an organism begins to associate the behavior with things that are similar

i.e- Alfred (afraid of white bunnies) began to also fear anything white and fluffy such as a white fur coat or kitty slippers

Front 16

What is discrimination?

Back 16

When the learned behavior is narrowed to only a certain stimuli (ability to distinguish between a CS and other irrelevant stimuli)

Front 17

What's the difference between discrimination and generalization?

Back 17

Generalization is when an organism has a fear of all categories of a stimuli. Discrimination is fear of only a certain stimuli.

i.e.- Spiders vs. Tarantulas

Front 18

What is operant conditioning?

Back 18

Learning to associate a response and a consequence (based upon reinforcers and punishers)

Front 19

What is the Law of Effect? (MUST KNOW!!!)

Back 19

*Created by Thorndike
*Principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences are more likely to happen then behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences

Front 20

Who was B.F. Skinner? Why was he important?

Back 20

*Psychologist who developed behavioral technology
*Skinner's box

Front 21

Describe what happened in the "Skinner's Box" video clip.

Back 21

*Skinner (like Watson) believed that an enviornment controlled behavior
*Developed a pidgeon guiding device for missiles
*Put in Skinner's box, pidgeons were rewarded food when turning their head to the left (positive reinforcement)
*After some time, the pidgeon would turn all the way around in a circle

Front 22

What is shaping?

Back 22

Operant conditioning procedure where reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goal MEANING when reinforcers help bring about a desired behavior

Front 23

What key word must we think of when describing Positive Reinforcement? What key word do we need to write when describing Negative Reinforcement?

Back 23

+ = ADD
- = REMOVE

*warned in class to be specific on this!*

Front 24

What is an example of positive reinforcement?

Back 24

A child does good on a test. A father gives the child $5.

Front 25

What is an example of negative reinforcement?

Back 25

A man is stressed by rush hour traffic in the morning. Therefore, to remove the stress he gets from traffic, he leaves earlier and earlier each day to avoid traffic.

Front 26

What key word should we use when describing positive punishment? What key word should we use when describing negative punishment?

Back 26

+ = Administer
- = Withdraw

Front 27

What is an example of positive punishment?

Back 27

A teacher administers punishment to a child for being to chatty by making the child sit in the back of the room alone.

Front 28

What is an example of negative punishment?

Back 28

A child is withdrawn from sitting and chatting with his friends (too chatty) and has to sit alone in the back of the room.

Front 29

What is an example of a primary reinforcer? A conditioned reinforcer?

Back 29

Primary: Food, sleep, water...
Conditioned: money

Front 30

What's the difference between continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement? Describe positive and negative aspects of each.

Back 30

Continuous: Rewarded every time the behavior occurs.
+: Learned quickly
- : Extincts quickly

Partial: Rewarded every so often
+: Lasts long (don't know what you're being rewarded for)
- : Learned slowly

Front 31

Give an example of a fixed ratio.

Back 31

In video games, you must collect a certain number of coins or experience points before you can "level up"

Front 32

Give an example of variable ratio.

Back 32

A door to door salesman goes to as many houses as possible because he do not know how many houses will buy into what he is selling (more houses = better chance)

Front 33

Give an example of fixed interval.

Back 33

Waiting for a bus (buses idealy come at certain times. If a passenger isn't there, then they miss getting on the bus)

Front 34

Give an example of a variable interval.

Back 34

Checking for voicemail (calls come in at random times and there is no set schedule to how and when you check your voicemail)

Front 35

What is modeling? Where can it be found?

Back 35

*Process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
*Often found in children and parents, people and celebrities, foreignerrs and natives... ect...

Front 36

Describe the movie clip regaurding the BOBO doll.

Back 36

*Children were put into a room where they observed an adult display agression towards a doll
*Children copied the aggressive behavior of the adult towards the doll and expanded on it (boy picked up a toy gun, girl punched a suspended ball at the doll...)