Chapter 7 Medical Terminology

Front 1

nas/o

Back 1

nose

Front 2

sinus/o

Back 2

sinuses

Front 3

pharyng/o

Back 3

pharynx

Front 4

laryng/o

Back 4

larynx

Front 5

epiglott/o

Back 5

epiglottis

Front 6

trache/o

Back 6

trachea

Front 7

bronch/o
bronchi/o

Back 7

bronchi

Front 8

alveol/o

Back 8

alveoli

Front 9

pneum/o
pneumon/o
pulmon/o

Back 9

lungs

Front 10

respiratory system

Back 10

brings oxygen into the body for transportation to the cells. removes co2 and some water waste

Front 11

upper respiratory tract

Back 11

consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea

Front 12

lower respiratory tract

Back 12

consists of the bronchial tree and lungs. located in the thoracic cavity

Front 13

thoracic cavity

Back 13

rib cage

Front 14

nasal cavity

Back 14

the interior portion of the nose

Front 15

nasal septum

Back 15

a wall of cartilage that divides the nose into two equal sections.

Front 16

septum

Back 16

a wall that separates two chambers

Front 17

cilia

Back 17

the thin hairs located just inside the nostrils, filter incoming air to remove debris.

Front 18

mucous membranes

Back 18

are the specialized tissues that line the respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems

Front 19

mucus

Back 19

is secreted by the mucous membranes, protects and lubricates these tissues

Front 20

olfactory receptors

Back 20

are nerve endings that act as the receptors for the sense of smell. they are also important to the sense of taste. located in mucous membranes in the upper part of the nasal cavity

Front 21

tonsils

Back 21

form a protective circle of lymphatic tissue around the entrance to the respiratory system

Front 22

paranasal sinuses

Back 22

are air-filled cavities lined with mucous membrane, located within the skull.

Front 23

frontal sinuses

Back 23

are located in the frontal bone just above the eyebrows. an infection here can cause severe pain in this area

Front 24

sphenoid sinuses

Back 24

which are located in the sphenoid bone, are close to the optic nerves and an infection here can cause damage vision

Front 25

maxillary sinuses

Back 25

are the largest paranasal sinuses, are located in the maxillary bones. an infection in theses sinuses can cause pain in the posterior maxillary teeth

Front 26

ethmoid sinuses

Back 26

are located in the ethmoid bones, are irregularly shaped air cells that are separated from the orbital (eye) cavity by only a thin layer of bone

Front 27

pharynx

Back 27

aka throat, receives the air after it passes through the nose

Front 28

nasopharynx

Back 28

1st of 3 division, used only by the respiratory systems and transports air and opens into the oropharynx

Front 29

oropharynx

Back 29

2nd of 3 division, shared by the respiratory and digestive systems and transports air, food, and fluids downward to the laryngopharynx

Front 30

laryngopharynx

Back 30

3rd of 3 division, shared by the respiratory and digestive systems. air, food, and fluids continue downward to the openings of the esophagus and trachea where air enters the trachea and food and fluids flow into the esophagus

Front 31

larynx

Back 31

aka voice box, is a triangular chamber located between the pharynx and the trachea

Front 32

thyroid cartilage

Back 32

aka adams apple

Front 33

larynx contains

Back 33

vocal cords

Front 34

epiglottis

Back 34

is a lid-like structure located at the base of the tongue, swings downward and closes off the laryngopharynx so that food does not enter the trachea and the lungs

Front 35

trachea

Back 35

aka windpipe, is the tube located directly in front of the esophagus that extends from the neck to the chest. it transports air to, and from, the lungs

Front 36

bronchi

Back 36

are formed where the trachea divides into two branches.

Front 37

primary bronchi

Back 37

aka bronchial tree, branches going into each long

Front 38

bronchioles

Back 38

inside the lungs, each primary bronchus divides and subdivides into smaller branches

Front 39

alveoli

Back 39

aka air sacs, are the very small grape-like clusters found at the end of each bronchiole. exchange of oxygen and carbon happens here

Front 40

lungs

Back 40

organs of respiration

Front 41

right lung

Back 41

has three lobes: the superior, middle, and inferior

Front 42

left lung

Back 42

has only two lobes: the superior and inferior. smaller than right lung due to size of heart

Front 43

surfaciant

Back 43

detergent-like substance produced in the lungs. reduces the surface tension of the lungs and allows for air to be absorbed easier

Front 44

mediastinum

Back 44

is the cavity located between the lungs

Front 45

pleura

Back 45

a thin, moist, and slippery membrane that covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner surface of the rib cage

Front 46

parietal pleura

Back 46

is the outer layer of the pleura that lines the walls of the thoracic cavity, covers the diaphragm, and forms the sac containing each lung.

Front 47

parietal

Back 47

relating to the walls of a cavity

Front 48

visceral pleura

Back 48

is the inner layer of pleura that surrounds each lung

Front 49

visceral

Back 49

relating to the internal organs

Front 50

pleural cavity

Back 50

aka pleural space, is the airtight area between the layers of the pleural membranes. this space contains a thin layer of fluid that allows the membranes to slide easily during breathing

Front 51

diaphragm

Back 51

the muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen. it is the contraction and relaxation of this muscle that makes breathing possible

Front 52

phrenic nerves

Back 52

stimulate the diaphragm and cause it to contract

Front 53

respiration

Back 53

is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide that is essential to life.

Front 54

inhalation

Back 54

is the act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward. this action causes the thoracic cavity to expand

Front 55

exhalation

Back 55

is the act of breathing out. as the diaphragm relaxes, it moves upward, causing the thoracic cavity to become narrower.

Front 56

external respiration

Back 56

is the act of bringing air into and out of the lungs and exchanging gases from this air

Front 57

internal respiration

Back 57

is the exchange of gases within the cells of the body organs, cells, and tissues

Front 58

otolaryngologist

Back 58

aka ENT, is a physician with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the ears, nose, throat, and related structures of the head and neck

Front 59

pulmonologist

Back 59

is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the lungs and associated tissues

Front 60

pulmon

Back 60

lung

Front 61

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Back 61

aka COPD, is a lung disease in which it is hard to breathe.

Front 62

chronic bronchitis

Back 62

the airways have become inflamed and thickened, and there is an increase in the number and size of mucus-producing cells

Front 63

emphysema

Back 63

is the progressive loss of lung function that is characterized by (1) a decrease in the total number of alveoli, (2) the enlargement of the remaining alveoli, and (3) the progressive destruction of the walls of the remaining alveoli

Front 64

asthma

Back 64

is a chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, wheezing.
aka asthmatic attacks

Front 65

wheezing

Back 65

is a breathing sound caused by a partially obstructed airway

Front 66

airway inflammation

Back 66

is the swelling and clogging of the airways with mucus

Front 67

bronchospasm

Back 67

is a contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles that tighten and squeeze the airway shut

Front 68

exercise-induced bronchospasms

Back 68

aka EIB, are the narrowing of the airways that develops after 5-15 minutes of physical exertion. this also can be due to cold weather or allergies

Front 69

controller medicines

Back 69

such as inhaled corticosteroids, are taken daily to prevent attacks.

Front 70

quick-relief
rescue medicines

Back 70

are taken at the first sign of an attack to dilate the airways and make breathing easier
aka bronchodilators

Front 71

upper respiratory infections

Back 71

aka acute nasopharyngitis, describes the common cold

Front 72

allergic rhinitis

Back 72

aka allergy, is an allergic reaction to airborne allergens that causes an increased flow of mucus

Front 73

croup

Back 73

is an acute respiratory syndrome in children and infants characterized by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and a barking cough

Front 74

diphtheria

Back 74

is an acute bacterial infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract. the diphtheria bacteria produce toxins that can damage the heart muscle and peripheral nerves

Front 75

epistaxis

Back 75

aka nose-bleed, is bleeding from the nose that is usually caused by an injury, excessive use of blood thinners, or bleeding disorders

Front 76

influenza

Back 76

aka flu, is an acute, highly contagious viral respiratory infection that is spread by respiratory droplets and occurs most commonly in epidemics during the colder months

Front 77

pertussis

Back 77

aka whooping cough, is a contagious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract that is characterized by recurrent bouts of a paroxysmal cough, followed by breathlessness, and a noisy inspiration

Front 78

rhinorrhea

Back 78

aka runny nose, is the watery flow of mucus from the nose

Front 79

sinusitis

Back 79

is an inflammation of the sinuses

Front 80

pharyngitis

Back 80

aka sore throat, is an inflammation of the pharynx

Front 81

laryngoplegia

Back 81

is paralysis of the larynx

Front 82

laryngospasms

Back 82

is the sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx

Front 83

aphonia

Back 83

is the loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds

Front 84

phon-

Back 84

voice or sound

Front 85

dysphonia

Back 85

is any change in vocal quality, including hoarseness, weakness, or the cracking of a boy's voice during puberty

Front 86

laryngitis

Back 86

is an inflammation of the larynx

Front 87

tracheorrhagia

Back 87

is bleeding from the mucous membranes of the trachea

Front 88

bronchorrhea

Back 88

is an excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchi

Front 89

pleurisy

Back 89

aka pleuritis, is an inflammation of the pleura that produces sharp chest pain with each breath

Front 90

pleurodynia

Back 90

is pain in the pleura that occurs in relation to breathing movements

Front 91

pneumothorax

Back 91

is an accumulation of air in the pleural space causing a pressure imbalance that prevents the lung from fully expanding or can cause it to collapse

Front 92

pleural effusion

Back 92

is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space. this produces a feeling of breathlessness because it prevents the lung from fully expanding

Front 93

hemothorax

Back 93

is a collection of blood in the pleural cavity

Front 94

hemoptysis

Back 94

is coughing up of blood or bloodstained sputum derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes as the result of a pulmonary or bronchial hemorrhage

Front 95

pyothorax

Back 95

is the presence of pus in the pleural cavity between the layers of the pleural membrane

Front 96

empyema

Back 96

is a collection of pus within a body cavity

Front 97

acute respiratory distress syndrome

Back 97

ARDS, is a form of the sudden onset of severe lung dysfunction affecting both lungs, making breathing extremely difficult

Front 98

atelectasis

Back 98

is the collapse of part or all of a lung by blockage of the air passages or by very shallow breathing

Front 99

collapsed lung

Back 99

is unable to expand to receive air due to a pneumothorax or atelectasis

Front 100

pulmonary edema

Back 100

is an accumulation of fluid in lung tissues

Front 101

pneumorrhagia

Back 101

is bleeding from the lungs

Front 102

atel

Back 102

incomplete

Front 103

tuberculosis

Back 103

TB, is an infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, usually attacks the lungs

Front 104

pneumonia

Back 104

is a serious infection or inflammation of the lungs in which the smallest bronchioles and alveoli fill with pus and other liquid

Front 105

bronchopneumonia

Back 105

is a localized form of pneumonia that often affects the bronchioles and surrounding alveoli

Front 106

lobar pneumonia

Back 106

affects larger areas of the lungs, often including one or more sections, or lobes, of a lung

Front 107

aspiration pneumonia

Back 107

can occur when a foreign substance, such as vomit, is inhaled into the lungs

Front 108

bacterial pneumonia

Back 108

which is often caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, is the only form of pneumonia that can be prevented through vaccination

Front 109

mycoplasma pneumonia

Back 109

is a milder but longer lasting form of the disease caused by the bacteria mycoplasma pneumoniae. referred to as walking pneumonia

Front 110

pnemocystis carinii pneumonia

Back 110

is an opportunistic infection caused by the fungus pneumocystis carinii

Front 111

viral pneumonia

Back 111

which is caused by several different types of viruses, accounts for approximately half of all pneumonias

Front 112

interstitial lung diseases

Back 112

are a group of almost 200 diseases that cause inflammation and scarring of the alveoli and their supporting structures

Front 113

insterstitial fibrosis

Back 113

is another name for the inflammation and thickening of the walls of the alveoli

Front 114

fibrosis

Back 114

is a condition in which normal tissue is replaced by fibrotic (hardened) tissue

Front 115

pneumoconiosis

Back 115

is fibrosis of the lung tissues caused by dust in the lungs that usually develops after prolonged enviromental or occupational contact

Front 116

coni-

Back 116

dust

Front 117

anthracosis

Back 117

aka coal miner's pneumoconiosis or black lung disease, is caused by coal dust in the lungs

Front 118

asbestosis

Back 118

is caused by asbestos particles in the lungs and usually occurs after working with asbestos

Front 119

byssinosis

Back 119

aka brown lung disease, is caused by inhaling cotton dust into the lungs and usually occurs after working in a textile factory

Front 120

byssin

Back 120

cotton dust

Front 121

silicosis

Back 121

is caused by inhaling silica dust in the lungs and usually occurs after working in occupations including foundry work, quarrying, ceramics, glass work, and sandblasting

Front 122

pulmonary fibrosis

Back 122

is the formation of scar tissue in the lung, resulting in decreased lung capacity and increased difficulty in breathing

Front 123

cystic fibrosis

Back 123

is a genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large quantites of abnormally thick mucus.

Front 124

postural drainage

Back 124

is performed with the patient positioned at various angles to allow gravity to help drain secretions from the lungs

Front 125

chest percussion

Back 125

is performed to remove excess mucus from the lungs

Front 126

lung cancer

Back 126

the leading cause of cancer death in the US, is a condition in which cancer cells form in the tissues of the lung.

Front 127

sputum cytology

Back 127

is a procedure in which a sample of mucus is coughed up from the lungs and then examined under a microscope to detect cancer cells

Front 128

breathing disorders

Back 128

abnormal changes in the rate or depth of breathing.

Front 129

eupnea

Back 129

is easy or normal breathing

Front 130

apnea

Back 130

is the absence of spontaneous respiration

Front 131

sleep apnea syndromes

Back 131

are a group of potentially fatal disorders in which breathing repeatedly stops during sleep for long-enough periods to cause a measurable decrease in blood oxygen levels

Front 132

snoring

Back 132

is noisy breathing caused by vibration of the soft palate during sleep

Front 133

bradypnea

Back 133

is an abnormally slow rate of respiration usually of less than 10 breaths per minute

Front 134

tachypnea

Back 134

is an abnormally rapid rate of respiration usually of more than 20 breaths per minute

Front 135

cheyne-stokes respiration

Back 135

is a pattern of alternating periods of hypopnea or apnea, followed by hyperpnea
(happens right before death)

Front 136

dyspnea

Back 136

aka shortness of breath (SOB), is difficult or labored breathing

Front 137

hyperpnea

Back 137

which is commonly associated with exertion, is breathing that is deeper and more rapid than is normal at rest

Front 138

hypopnea

Back 138

is shallow or slow respiration

Front 139

hyperventiliation

Back 139

is an abnormally rapid rate of deep respiration that is usually associated with anxiety

Front 140

airway obstruction

Back 140

aka choking, occurs when food or a foreign object blocks the airway and prevents air from entering or leaving the lungs

Front 141

anoxia

Back 141

is the absence of oxygen from the body's gases, blood, or tissues

Front 142

asphyxia

Back 142

is the condition that occurs when the body cannont get the air it needs to function. oxygen levels in the blood drop quickly, carbon dioxide levels rise

Front 143

asphyxiation

Back 143

aka suffocation, is any interruption of normal breathing resulting in asphyxia

Front 144

cyanosis

Back 144

is a bluish discoloration of the skin caused by a lack of adequate oxygen

Front 145

hypercapnia

Back 145

is the abnormal buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood

Front 146

hypoxemia

Back 146

is a condition of having below-normal oxygen levels in the body tissues and cells; however, it is less severe than anoxia

Front 147

altitude hypoxia

Back 147

aka altitude sickness, is a condition that can be brought on by the decreased oxygen in the air at higher altitudes, usually above 8,000 feet

Front 148

respiratory failure

Back 148

(EF) aka respiratory acidosis, is a condition in which the level of oxygen in the blood becomes dangerously low or the level of carbon dioxide becomes dangerously high

Front 149

smoke inhalation

Back 149

is damage to the lungs in which particles from a fire coat the alveoli and prevent the normal exchange of gases

Front 150

bronchoscopy

Back 150

is the visual examination of the bronchi using a bronchoscope

Front 151

bronchoscope

Back 151

is a flexible, fiber optic device that is passed through the nose and down the airways

Front 152

chest image

Back 152

aka chest x-ray, is a valuable tool for diagnosing pneumonia, lung tumors, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, tuberculosis, and emphysema

Front 153

laryngoscopy

Back 153

is the visual examination of the larynx using a laryngoscopy inserted through the mouth and placed into the pharynx to examine the larynx

Front 154

peak flow meter

Back 154

is a handheld device often used to test those with asthma to measure how quickly the patient can expel air

Front 155

polysomnography

Back 155

aka sleep apnea study, measures physiological activity during sleep and is most often performed to detect nocturmal defects in breathing associated with sleep apnea

Front 156

spirometer

Back 156

is a recording device that measures the amount of air inhaled or exhaled (volume) and the length of time required for each breath

Front 157

pulse oximeter

Back 157

is an external monitor placed on the patient's finger or earlobe to measure the oxygen saturation level in the blood

Front 158

sputum

Back 158

is phlegm ejected through the mouth that can be examined for diagnostic purposes

Front 159

phlegm

Back 159

is thick mucus secreted by the tissues lining the respiratory passages

Front 160

tuberculin skin testing

Back 160

is a screen test for tuberculosis in which the skin of the arm is injected with a harmless antigen extracted from TB bacteria

Front 161

mantoux PPD skin test

Back 161

is considered a more accurate skin test for diagnosing tuberculosis

Front 162

antitussive

Back 162

aka cough medicine, is administered to prevent or relieve coughing

Front 163

bronchodilator

Back 163

is a medication that expands the opening of the passages into the lungs

Front 164

metered-dose inhaler

Back 164

mixes a single dose of the medication with a puff of air and pushes it into the mouth via chemical propellant

Front 165

nebulizer

Back 165

aka atomizer, pumps air or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a vapor, which is then inhaled by the patient via a face mask or mouth piece

Front 166

endotracheal intubation

Back 166

is the passage of a tube through the nose or mouth into the trachea to establish or maintain an open airway

Front 167

functional endoscopic sinus surgery

Back 167

(FESS), is a procedure performed using an endoscope in which chronic sinusitis is treated by enlarging the opening between the nose and sinus

Front 168

laryngectomy

Back 168

is the surgical removal of the larynx

Front 169

laryngoplasty

Back 169

is the surgical repair of the larynx

Front 170

pharyngoplasty

Back 170

is the surgical repair of the pharynx

Front 171

pharyngotomy

Back 171

is a surgical incision of the pharynx

Front 172

septoplasty

Back 172

is the surgical repair or alteration of parts of the nasal septum

Front 173

tracheoplasty

Back 173

is the surgical repair of the trachea

Front 174

tracheostomy

Back 174

is the creation of a stoma into the trachea and inserting a tube to facilitate the passage of air or the removal of secretions

Front 175

stoma

Back 175

a surgically created opening on a body surface

Front 176

tracheotomy

Back 176

is usually an emergency procedure in which an incision is made into the trachea to gain access to the airway below a blockage

Front 177

lobectomy

Back 177

is the surgical removal of a lobe of the lung

Front 178

pleurectomy

Back 178

is the surgical removal of part of the pleura

Front 179

pneumonectomy

Back 179

is a surgical removal of all or part of a lung

Front 180

thoracentesis

Back 180

is the surgical puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity

Front 181

thoracostomy

Back 181

is the surgical creation of an opening into the chest cavity

Front 182

thoracotomy

Back 182

is a surgical treatment of lung cancer by removing all or part of a lung

Front 183

video-assisted thoracic surgery

Back 183

(VATS), is the use of a video-assisted thoracoscope to view the inside of the chest cavity through very small incisions

Front 184

thoracoscope

Back 184

is a specialized endoscope used for treating the thorax

Front 185

diaphragmatic breathing

Back 185

aka abdominal breathing, is a relaxation technique used to relieve anxiety

Front 186

cpap device

Back 186

aka positive pressure ventilation device. this is treatment for sleep apnea that includes a mask, tubes, and a fan to create air pressure that pushes the tongue forward to maintain an open airway

Front 187

respirator

Back 187

is an apparatus for administering artificial respiration in cases of respiratory failure

Front 188

ventilator

Back 188

is a mechanical device for artificial ventilation of the lungs that is used to replace or supplement the patient's natural breathing function

Front 189

supplemental oxygen

Back 189

is administered when the patient is unable to maintain an adequate oxygen saturation level in the blood

Front 190

nasal cannula

Back 190

is a small tube that divides into two nasal prongs

Front 191

rebreather mask

Back 191

allows the exhaled breath to be partially reused, delivering up to 60% oxygen

Front 192

non-rebreather mask

Back 192

allows higher levels of oxygen to be added to the air taken in by the patient