Chapter 7 Marieb - The Skeleton

Front 1

acetabulum

Back 1

Cuplike cavity on lateral surface of the hip bone that receives the femur.

Front 2

acromegaly

Back 2

is a hormonal disorder that results when the pituitary gland produces excess growth hormone (hGH).

Front 3

appositional growth

Back 3

Growth accomplished by the addition of new layers onto those previously formed.

Front 4

axial

Back 4

Relating to the head, neck, and trunk; one of the two major divisions of the body.

Front 5

bony callus

Back 5

spongy bone created by fibrocartilaginous buildup during bone repair

Front 6

calcaneus

Back 6

the heel bone

Front 7

calcitonin (not technically a “thyroid hormone”)

Back 7

Hormone released by the thyroid that promotes a decrease in calcium levels of the blood; also called thyrocalcitonin.

Front 8

calcitriol

Back 8

the active form of vitamin D found in the body (vitamin D3)

Front 9

canaliculi

Back 9

a small channel found in ossified bone

Front 10

capitulum and trochlea

Back 10

found at the distal end of the humerus bone and the medial portion of the articular surface of the humerus

Front 11

carpals

Back 11

the cluster of bones in the hand between the radius and ulna and the metacarpus

Front 12

cervical

Back 12

The seven vertebrae of the vertebral column located in the neck.

Front 13

chondrocytes

Back 13

Mature cell form of cartilage.

Front 14

clavicle

Back 14

a bone that makes up part of the shoulder girdle (pectoral girdle).

Front 15

coccyx

Back 15

commonly referred to as the tailbone, is the final segment of the human vertebral column, of three to five (usually four) fused vertebrae

Front 16

collagen

Back 16

The most abundant of the three fibers found in the matrix of connective tissue.

Front 17

compact bone

Back 17

Dense outer layer of skeletal bone; lamellar bone.

Front 18

condyle

Back 18

projections on the lower extremity of femur. It is the more prominent and is the broader both in its antero-posterior and transverse diameters.

Front 19

cranial

Back 19

Bony protective encasement of the brain and organs of hearing and equilibrium; also called the skull.

Front 20

diaphysis

Back 20

Diffusion of solute(s) through a semipermeable membrane.

Front 21

diploe

Back 21

The internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones.

Front 22

endochondral ossification

Back 22

Embryonic formation of bone by the replacement of calcified cartilage; most skeletal bones are formed by this process.

Front 23

endosteum

Back 23

Connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surfaces.

Front 24

epicondyles

Back 24

larger and more prominent than the lateral epicondyle, is directed a little backward; it gives attachment to the ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow-joint

Front 25

epiphyseal plate

Back 25

Plate of hyaline cartilage at the junction of the diaphysis and epiphysis that provides for growth in length of a long bone.

Front 26

epiphysis

Back 26

The end of a long bone, attached to the shaft.

Front 27

ethmoid

Back 27

bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain.

Front 28

fibrocartilaginous callus

Back 28

The most compressible type of cartilage; resistant to stretch. Forms vertebral discs and knee joint cartilages.

Front 29

fibula

Back 29

or calf bone is a bone placed on the lateral side of the tibia, with which it is connected above and below. It is the smaller of the two bones, and, in proportion to its length, the most slender of all the long bones.

Front 30

foramen magnum

Back 30

n the occipital bone, the foramen magnum (Latin: 'great hole') is one of the several oval or circular apertures in the base of the skull (the foramina), through which the medulla oblongata (an extension of the spinal cord) enters and exits the skull vault.

Front 31

foramen/foramina

Back 31

Hole or opening in a bone or between body cavities.

Front 32

fossa

Back 32

A depression, often an articular surface.

Front 33

frontal

Back 33

Longitudinal (vertical) plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

Front 34

gigantism

Back 34

a condition characterized by excessive height growth.

Front 35

glenoid cavity

Back 35

On the lateral angle of the scapula is a shallow pyriform, articular surface, the glenoid cavity (or glenoid fossa of scapula), which is directed lateralward and forward and articulates with the head of the humerus

Front 36

growth hormone

Back 36

Hormone that stimulates growth in general; produced in the anterior pituitary; also called somatotropin (STH).

Front 37

hematoma

Back 37

Mass of clotted blood that forms at an injured site.

Front 38

hydroxyapatite

Back 38

the main mineral component of dental enamel, dentin, and bone

Front 39

interstitial growth

Back 39

Growth from a number of different centers within an area. The growth process most apparent during cartilage formation.

Front 40

intervertebral foramen

Back 40

When the vertebrae are articulated with each other the bodies form a strong pillar for the support of the head and trunk, and the vertebral foramina constitute a canal for the protection of the medulla spinalis (spinal cord), while between every pair of vertebræ are two apertures, the intervertebral foramina, one on either side, for the transmission of the spinal nerves and vessels.

Front 41

intramembranous ossification

Back 41

is one of two types of bone formation and is the process responsible for the development of flat bones, especially those found in the skull. Unlike endochondral ossification, cartilage is not involved or present in this process.

Front 42

maxilla

Back 42

The maxillae are the largest bones of the face, except for the mandible, and form, by their union, the whole of the upper jaw.

Front 43

medullary cavity

Back 43

The marrow cavity in long bones; in adults, contains fat (yellow marrow).

Front 44

mesenchymal cells

Back 44

are multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types. Found in bone marrow

Front 45

metacarpals

Back 45

The metacarpus is the intermediate part of the hand skeleton that is located between the fingers distally and the carpus which forms the connection to the forearm. It consists of five cylindrical bones which are numbered from the radial to the ulnar side (ossa metacarpalia I-V).

Front 46

metaphysis

Back 46

the body of cartilage that separates the epiphyses and the diaphysis of long bones during growth.

Front 47

metatarsals

Back 47

The metatarsus consists of the five long bones of the foot, which are numbered from the medial side (ossa metatarsalia I.-V.); each presents for examination a body and two extremities.

Front 48

occipital

Back 48

Forms most of the posterior wall and base of the skull externally.

Front 49

olecranon process

Back 49

The elbow joint. Three bones form the elbow joint: the humerus of the upper arm, and the paired radius and ulna of the forearm.

Front 50

os coxae

Back 50

The pelvis (pl. pelvises or pelves) is the bony structure located at the base of the spine (properly known as the caudal end).

Front 51

osteoblasts

Back 51

Bone-forming cells.

Front 52

osteoclasts

Back 52

Large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix.

Front 53

osteocytes

Back 53

Mature bone cell.

Front 54

osteons

Back 54

System of interconnecting canals in the microscopic structure of adult compact bone; unit of bone; also called Haversian system.

Front 55

parathyroid glands

Back 55

Small endocrine glands located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland.

Front 56

parathyroid hormone

Back 56

Hormone released by the parathyroid glands that regulates blood calcium level.

Front 57

parietal

Back 57

are bones in the human skull and form, by their union, the sides and roof of the cranium. Each bone is irregularly quadrilateral in form, and has two surfaces, four borders, and four angles.

Front 58

pectoral girdle

Back 58

Bones that attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton; includes the clavicle and scapula.

Front 59

pelvic girdle vs. pelvis

Back 59

Consists of the paired coxal bones that attach the lower limbs to the axial skeleton.

Front 60

perichondrium

Back 60

Fibrous, connective-tissue membrane covering the external surface of cartilaginous structures.

Front 61

periosteum

Back 61

Double-layered connective tissue that covers and nourishes the bone.

Front 62

processes

Back 62

(1) Prominence or projection; (2) series of actions for a specific purpose.

Front 63

rickets

Back 63

Disorder in which bones are inadequately mineralized; caused by insufficient dietary calcium or vitamin D deficiency.

Front 64

spongy bone

Back 64

Internal layer of skeletal bone. Also called cancellous bone.

Front 65

sutures

Back 65

An immovable fibrous joint; with one exception, all bones of the skull are united by sutures.

Front 66

thyroid

Back 66

One of the largest of the body's endocrine glands; straddles the anterior trachea.

Front 67

trabeculae

Back 67

(1) Any of the fibrous bands extending from the capsule into the interior of an organ; (2) struts or thin plates of bone in spongy bone.

Front 68

acetabulum

Back 68

Cuplike cavity on lateral surface of the hip bone that receives the femur.

Front 69

acromegaly

Back 69

is a hormonal disorder that results when the pituitary gland produces excess growth hormone (hGH).

Front 70

appositional growth

Back 70

Growth accomplished by the addition of new layers onto those previously formed.

Front 71

axial

Back 71

Relating to the head, neck, and trunk; one of the two major divisions of the body.

Front 72

bony callus

Back 72

spongy bone created by fibrocartilaginous buildup during bone repair

Front 73

calcaneus

Back 73

the heel bone

Front 74

calcitonin (not technically a “thyroid hormone”)

Back 74

Hormone released by the thyroid that promotes a decrease in calcium levels of the blood; also called thyrocalcitonin.

Front 75

calcitriol

Back 75

the active form of vitamin D found in the body (vitamin D3)

Front 76

canaliculi

Back 76

a small channel found in ossified bone

Front 77

capitulum and trochlea

Back 77

found at the distal end of the humerus bone and the medial portion of the articular surface of the humerus

Front 78

carpals

Back 78

the cluster of bones in the hand between the radius and ulna and the metacarpus

Front 79

cervical

Back 79

The seven vertebrae of the vertebral column located in the neck.

Front 80

chondrocytes

Back 80

Mature cell form of cartilage.

Front 81

clavicle

Back 81

a bone that makes up part of the shoulder girdle (pectoral girdle).

Front 82

coccyx

Back 82

commonly referred to as the tailbone, is the final segment of the human vertebral column, of three to five (usually four) fused vertebrae

Front 83

collagen

Back 83

The most abundant of the three fibers found in the matrix of connective tissue.

Front 84

compact bone

Back 84

Dense outer layer of skeletal bone; lamellar bone.

Front 85

condyle

Back 85

projections on the lower extremity of femur. It is the more prominent and is the broader both in its antero-posterior and transverse diameters.

Front 86

cranial

Back 86

Bony protective encasement of the brain and organs of hearing and equilibrium; also called the skull.

Front 87

diaphysis

Back 87

Diffusion of solute(s) through a semipermeable membrane.

Front 88

diploe

Back 88

The internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones.

Front 89

endochondral ossification

Back 89

Embryonic formation of bone by the replacement of calcified cartilage; most skeletal bones are formed by this process.

Front 90

endosteum

Back 90

Connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surfaces.

Front 91

epicondyles

Back 91

larger and more prominent than the lateral epicondyle, is directed a little backward; it gives attachment to the ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow-joint

Front 92

epiphyseal plate

Back 92

Plate of hyaline cartilage at the junction of the diaphysis and epiphysis that provides for growth in length of a long bone.

Front 93

epiphysis

Back 93

The end of a long bone, attached to the shaft.

Front 94

ethmoid

Back 94

bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain.

Front 95

fibrocartilaginous callus

Back 95

The most compressible type of cartilage; resistant to stretch. Forms vertebral discs and knee joint cartilages.

Front 96

fibula

Back 96

or calf bone is a bone placed on the lateral side of the tibia, with which it is connected above and below. It is the smaller of the two bones, and, in proportion to its length, the most slender of all the long bones.

Front 97

foramen magnum

Back 97

n the occipital bone, the foramen magnum (Latin: 'great hole') is one of the several oval or circular apertures in the base of the skull (the foramina), through which the medulla oblongata (an extension of the spinal cord) enters and exits the skull vault.

Front 98

foramen/foramina

Back 98

Hole or opening in a bone or between body cavities.

Front 99

fossa

Back 99

A depression, often an articular surface.

Front 100

frontal

Back 100

Longitudinal (vertical) plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

Front 101

gigantism

Back 101

a condition characterized by excessive height growth.

Front 102

glenoid cavity

Back 102

On the lateral angle of the scapula is a shallow pyriform, articular surface, the glenoid cavity (or glenoid fossa of scapula), which is directed lateralward and forward and articulates with the head of the humerus

Front 103

growth hormone

Back 103

Hormone that stimulates growth in general; produced in the anterior pituitary; also called somatotropin (STH).

Front 104

hematoma

Back 104

Mass of clotted blood that forms at an injured site.

Front 105

hydroxyapatite

Back 105

the main mineral component of dental enamel, dentin, and bone

Front 106

interstitial growth

Back 106

Growth from a number of different centers within an area. The growth process most apparent during cartilage formation.

Front 107

intervertebral foramen

Back 107

When the vertebrae are articulated with each other the bodies form a strong pillar for the support of the head and trunk, and the vertebral foramina constitute a canal for the protection of the medulla spinalis (spinal cord), while between every pair of vertebræ are two apertures, the intervertebral foramina, one on either side, for the transmission of the spinal nerves and vessels.

Front 108

intramembranous ossification

Back 108

is one of two types of bone formation and is the process responsible for the development of flat bones, especially those found in the skull. Unlike endochondral ossification, cartilage is not involved or present in this process.

Front 109

maxilla

Back 109

The maxillae are the largest bones of the face, except for the mandible, and form, by their union, the whole of the upper jaw.

Front 110

medullary cavity

Back 110

The marrow cavity in long bones; in adults, contains fat (yellow marrow).

Front 111

mesenchymal cells

Back 111

are multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types. Found in bone marrow

Front 112

metacarpals

Back 112

The metacarpus is the intermediate part of the hand skeleton that is located between the fingers distally and the carpus which forms the connection to the forearm. It consists of five cylindrical bones which are numbered from the radial to the ulnar side (ossa metacarpalia I-V).

Front 113

metaphysis

Back 113

the body of cartilage that separates the epiphyses and the diaphysis of long bones during growth.

Front 114

metatarsals

Back 114

The metatarsus consists of the five long bones of the foot, which are numbered from the medial side (ossa metatarsalia I.-V.); each presents for examination a body and two extremities.

Front 115

occipital

Back 115

Forms most of the posterior wall and base of the skull externally.

Front 116

olecranon process

Back 116

The elbow joint. Three bones form the elbow joint: the humerus of the upper arm, and the paired radius and ulna of the forearm.

Front 117

os coxae

Back 117

The pelvis (pl. pelvises or pelves) is the bony structure located at the base of the spine (properly known as the caudal end).

Front 118

osteoblasts

Back 118

Bone-forming cells.

Front 119

osteoclasts

Back 119

Large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix.

Front 120

osteocytes

Back 120

Mature bone cell.

Front 121

osteons

Back 121

System of interconnecting canals in the microscopic structure of adult compact bone; unit of bone; also called Haversian system.

Front 122

parathyroid glands

Back 122

Small endocrine glands located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland.

Front 123

parathyroid hormone

Back 123

Hormone released by the parathyroid glands that regulates blood calcium level.

Front 124

parietal

Back 124

are bones in the human skull and form, by their union, the sides and roof of the cranium. Each bone is irregularly quadrilateral in form, and has two surfaces, four borders, and four angles.

Front 125

pectoral girdle

Back 125

Bones that attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton; includes the clavicle and scapula.

Front 126

pelvic girdle vs. pelvis

Back 126

Consists of the paired coxal bones that attach the lower limbs to the axial skeleton.

Front 127

perichondrium

Back 127

Fibrous, connective-tissue membrane covering the external surface of cartilaginous structures.

Front 128

periosteum

Back 128

Double-layered connective tissue that covers and nourishes the bone.

Front 129

processes

Back 129

(1) Prominence or projection; (2) series of actions for a specific purpose.

Front 130

rickets

Back 130

Disorder in which bones are inadequately mineralized; caused by insufficient dietary calcium or vitamin D deficiency.

Front 131

spongy bone

Back 131

Internal layer of skeletal bone. Also called cancellous bone.

Front 132

sutures

Back 132

An immovable fibrous joint; with one exception, all bones of the skull are united by sutures.

Front 133

thyroid

Back 133

One of the largest of the body's endocrine glands; straddles the anterior trachea.

Front 134

trabeculae

Back 134

(1) Any of the fibrous bands extending from the capsule into the interior of an organ; (2) struts or thin plates of bone in spongy bone.