Chapter 7; Learning.

Front 1

What is classical conditioning?

Back 1

Classical conditioning is learning to associate one stimulus with another.

Front 2

What is UCS and UCR?

Back 2

UCS=Unconditioned stimulus UCR: unconditioned response (behavior)

Front 3

What is CS, CR, and NS?

Back 3

CS is a conditioned stimulus. CR is a conditioned response. NS is a neutral stimulus.

Front 4

Before conditioning how does a dog respond to food?

Back 4

The food is an unconditioned stimulus and the dogs salivation in turn is an unconditioned response.

Front 5

Before conditioning the tuning fork has what kind of effect on the dog?

Back 5

The tuning fork is a neutral stimulus and the dog has no conditioned response.

Front 6

During conditioning how does the dog respond to the tuning fork, and the food?

Back 6

The dog salivates, and has an unconditioned response.

Front 7

After conditioning how does the dog respond?

Back 7

The tuning fork (becomes a conditioned stimulus) alone cause salivation, and a conditioned response.

Front 8

What is a stimulus generalization?

Back 8

A stimulus generalization is the tendency to respond to stimuli that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus.

Front 9

What is an adaptive function?

Back 9

the relative ability of a person to effectively interact with society on all levels and care for one's self; affected by one's willingness to practice skills and pursue opportunities for improvement on all levels.

Front 10

What is stimulus discrimination?

Back 10

Stimulus discrimination is when a conditioned response occurs to one stimulus but not the others.

Front 11

What is higher order conditioning?

Back 11

Higher Order Conditioning (also known as Second Order Conditioning) is a classical conditioning term that refers to a situation in which a stimulus that was previously neutral (e.g., a light) is paired with a conditioned stimulus (e.g., a tone that has been conditioning with food to produce salivating) to produce the same conditioned response as the conditioned stimulus

Front 12

What are exposure therapies?

Back 12

In exposure therapies the patient is exposed to a stimulus (typically related to their phobia) that arouses an anxiety response until it is extinct.

Front 13

Systematic desensitization is what?

Back 13

Systematic desensitization is the combination of relaxation techniques and exposure to the critical stimulus which elicits increasing levels of fear.

Front 14

What is flooding?

Back 14

Flooding is prolonged exposure to a feared stimulus.

Front 15

What's the purpose of aversion therapy?

Back 15

The point of aversion therapy is to reduce attractiveness of the desired event by pairing it with an aversive (undesired) stimulus.

Front 16

What is classical conditioning?

Back 16

Classical conditioning teaches the subject to associate one stimulus with the other.

Front 17

What is operant conditioning?

Back 17

Operant conditioning teaches the subject to associate responses with consequences.

Front 18

What does classical conditioning focus on?

Back 18

Classical conditioning focuses on elicited behaviors. The responses are triggered involuntarily.

Front 19

What does operant conditioning focus on?

Back 19

Operant conditioning focuses on emitted behaviors. The responses are under physical control.

Front 20

In classical conditioning the CS occurs before what?

Back 20

The CS occurs before the CR. The CS triggers the behavior in classical conditioning.

Front 21

With operant conditioning the consequences happen after the...?

Back 21

In operant conditioning the consequences occurs after the behavior.

Front 22

What comprises Thorndike's Law of Effect?

Back 22

The satisfying behaviors were strengthened through repetition. The unsatisfying behaviors were weakened through repetition.

Front 23

B.F Skinner defined operant conditioning as?

Back 23

He defined operant conditioning as a type of learning in which behavior is influenced by consequences that follow it.

Front 24

What are the type of consequences in skinner's operant conditioning?

Back 24

reinforcement vs. positive, positive vs. negative.

Front 25

Reinforcement is?

Back 25

A response that is strengthened by the outcome that follows it.

Front 26

Punishment is?

Back 26

A response that is weakened by the outcome.

Front 27

Positive consequences are?

Back 27

consequences that consist of something presented (added.)

Front 28

Negative consequences are?

Back 28

Consequences that consist of something taken away (removed.)

Front 29

What is positive reinforcement?

Back 29

Positive reinforcement is a response that is strengthened by subsequent presentation of a good stimulus (money, food, praise, sex, etc)

Front 30

What is negative reinforcement?

Back 30

Negative reinforcement is a response that is strengthen by the removal of an aversive (bad) stimulus.

Front 31

Examples of negative reinforcement.

Back 31

*If you turn on a heater, you won't be cold. *If you take an aspirin, your headache goes away.

Front 32

What is positive (aversive) punishment?

Back 32

The response is weakened by subsequent presentation of a bad stimulus. IE -argue with boss, get reprimanded. -cat attacks leg, pour bucket of water over cat. -

Front 33

Negative punishment (cost)

Back 33

response is weakened by removal of a "good" stimulus. IE-argue with boss, lose job. -stay out past curfew, lose driving privileges.

Front 34

operant conditioning is used to:

Back 34

To change behavior.

Front 35

What is shaping?

Back 35

Shaping involves reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior.

Front 36

What is chaining?

Back 36

Chaining is used to develop a sequence of responses by reinforcing each response with the opportunity to perform the next response.

Front 37

Chaining is?

Back 37

Learning a sequence of behaviors through shaping.

Front 38

What's a more detailed explanation for shaping?

Back 38

Shaping is the name to those first initial steps needed to get the subject to engage in the behavior that is to be rewarded.

Front 39

In operant conditioning, the subject must first..?

Back 39

The subject must first emit (produce) the response that the experimenter plans to reward.

Front 40

Applications of operant conditioning result in:

Back 40

Specialized animal training.

Front 41

conditioning and biological restraints-what is preparedness?

Back 41

Through evolution, animals are biologically predisposed to learn some associations more easily than others.

Front 42

what types of behaviors are learned more easily through preparedness?

Back 42

behaviors related to survival.

Front 43

constraints on classical conditioning-what is conditioned taste aversion?

Back 43

conditioning taste aversion is a critical response which the taste of a specific food tastes disgusting. (this can save your life)

Front 44

what is the garcia effect?

Back 44

the garcia effect is how biological preparedness influences learned taste aversions.

Front 45

what is the instinctive drift?

Back 45

the instinctive drift is the tendency for the Critical response to drift back towards instinctive behaviors.

Front 46

cognition and conditioning- insight learning (founded by wolfgang kohler) is what?

Back 46

The sudden perception of a useful relationship that helps solve a problem.

Front 47

observational learning....social cognitive theory - (founded by albert bandero) is what?

Back 47

the theory states that people learn by observing models and acquiring the belief that they can produce behaviors to influence events in their own lives. (self efficacy)

Front 48

what is self efficacy?

Back 48

when people believe that they are capable of achieving a desired outcome through their own performance.

Front 49

What are the first two steps of observational learning?

Back 49

1. Attention: must pay attention to the model's behavior. 2. Retention: must be able to store that information in memory so it can be recalled when needed.

Front 50

what are the last two steps of observational learning?

Back 50

3.Reproduction: must be physically capable of reproducing the model's behavior.
4.Motivation: Must be motivated to display the behavior.