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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Binary Fission
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The way prokaryotic cells reproduce
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Origin of replication
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The starting point of DNA replication in prokaryotes
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Terminus
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The ending point of DNA replication in prokaryotes
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Chromosome
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Composed of chromatin; most are about 40% DNA and 60% protein
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Homologous chromosome
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Same kind of chromosome in a diploid cell
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Sister Chromatids
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One of the two daughter strands of a duplicated chromosome that is joined by a single centromere
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Histone
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Protein that DNA wraps around to form nucleosomes. 8 of these per nucleosome
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Nucleosome
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Second level of DNA compaction. DNA double helix is wrapped around a histone octamer protein.
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Solenoid; 30nm fiber
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Third level of compaction. Most of the time cells are in this compaction.
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Haploid
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Having only 1 set of chromosomes, the set of chromosomes needed to define an organism
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Diploid
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Having 2 sets of chromosomes, in animals one set from each parent organism
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Cohesin
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SMC protein that holds sister chromatids together during cell division
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Centromere
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Point of constriction on a chromosome that contains repeated DNA sequences that link sister chromatids
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Centrosome
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A small region of cytoplasm adjacent to the nucleus that contains the centrioles and serves to organize microtubules
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Centrioles
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One of two cylindrical cellular structures that are composed of nine triplet microtubules and form the asters during mitosis
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Kinetochore
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Disk-shaped protein structure within the centromere to which the spindle fibers attach during mitosis or meiosis
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Spindle
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microtubules from both poles of a dividing cell; play a role in chromosome movement during nuclear division
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Interphase
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The stage of a cell between two successive mitotic or meiotic divisions
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G0 Phase
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The cell is performing normal cell stuff and not preparing to divide. Most cells are in this phase.
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G1 Phase
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The gap between mitosis and S phase; cell growth and prep for DNA synthesis
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S Phase
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Stage of interphase when DNA is being replicated
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G2 Phase
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Gap between S phase and the onset of mitosis; DNA compaction
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Mitosis
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eukaryotic cell division resulting in two daughter nuclei, each with a chromosome complement identical to the original nucleus
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Prophase
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stage of mitosis during which chromosomes condense from threadlike material to compact bodies
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Prometaphase
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phase of mitosis during which nuclear envelopes begin to disintegrate
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Metaphase
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stage of mitosis during which centromeres line up perpendicularly to the division poles
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Anaphase
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stage of mitosis during which the first separation of chromatids occurs
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Telophase
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final stage of mitosis during which chromosomes become threadlike, nuclear envelopes form, and nucleoli appear in daughter nuclei
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Cytokinesis
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the division of cytoplasm during cell division
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Contractile ring
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pinching of the plasma membrane between two nuclei in animal cells
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Cell plate
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beginning of a new cell wall that will separate two new plant cells
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Phosphorylation
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addition of a phosphate group
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Kinase
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a kinase enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them
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Cell cycle check points
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Points of transition between different phases of the cell cycle, which are regulated by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases
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Cyclin
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A protein that activates a cyclin-dependent kinase, bringing about transitions in the cell cycle.
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Cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)
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a family of protein kinases first discovered for their role in regulating the cell cycle
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Anaphase promoting complex (APC)
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signal to go from metaphase to anaphase is transmitted through this
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Separase
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Hydrolyzes the cohesin proteins
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Proto-Oncogene
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Normal signals that stimulate cell growth and division
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Oncogene
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Mutated, abnormal proto-oncogenes that are overactive
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Tumor suppressor gene
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Slow/inhibit cell growth and division rates; loss of these results in tumor growth
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Meiosis
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Division of a diploid nucleus to produce four haploid daughter cells. The process consists of two successive nuclear divisions with only one cycle of chromosome replication.
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Somatic cells
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All the cells of the body that are not specialized for reproduction
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Germ-line cells
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the line (sequence) of germ cells that have genetic material that may be passed to a child
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Synapsis
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the pairing of two homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis
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Crossing over
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the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that results in recombinant chromosomes
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Chiasmata
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the point where two homologous non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material during chromosomal crossover during meiosis
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Genetic recombination
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the process by which two DNA molecules exchange genetic information, resulting in the production of a new combination of alleles
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