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48 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Binary Fission
The way prokaryotic cells reproduce
Origin of replication
The starting point of DNA replication in prokaryotes
Terminus
The ending point of DNA replication in prokaryotes
Chromosome
Composed of chromatin; most are about 40% DNA and 60% protein
Homologous chromosome
Same kind of chromosome in a diploid cell
Sister Chromatids
One of the two daughter strands of a duplicated chromosome that is joined by a single centromere
Histone
Protein that DNA wraps around to form nucleosomes. 8 of these per nucleosome
Nucleosome
Second level of DNA compaction. DNA double helix is wrapped around a histone octamer protein.
Solenoid; 30nm fiber
Third level of compaction. Most of the time cells are in this compaction.
Haploid
Having only 1 set of chromosomes, the set of chromosomes needed to define an organism
Diploid
Having 2 sets of chromosomes, in animals one set from each parent organism
Cohesin
SMC protein that holds sister chromatids together during cell division
Centromere
Point of constriction on a chromosome that contains repeated DNA sequences that link sister chromatids
Centrosome
A small region of cytoplasm adjacent to the nucleus that contains the centrioles and serves to organize microtubules
Centrioles
One of two cylindrical cellular structures that are composed of nine triplet microtubules and form the asters during mitosis
Kinetochore
Disk-shaped protein structure within the centromere to which the spindle fibers attach during mitosis or meiosis
Spindle
microtubules from both poles of a dividing cell; play a role in chromosome movement during nuclear division
Interphase
The stage of a cell between two successive mitotic or meiotic divisions
G0 Phase
The cell is performing normal cell stuff and not preparing to divide. Most cells are in this phase.
G1 Phase
The gap between mitosis and S phase; cell growth and prep for DNA synthesis
S Phase
Stage of interphase when DNA is being replicated
G2 Phase
Gap between S phase and the onset of mitosis; DNA compaction
Mitosis
eukaryotic cell division resulting in two daughter nuclei, each with a chromosome complement identical to the original nucleus
Prophase
stage of mitosis during which chromosomes condense from threadlike material to compact bodies
Prometaphase
phase of mitosis during which nuclear envelopes begin to disintegrate
Metaphase
stage of mitosis during which centromeres line up perpendicularly to the division poles
Anaphase
stage of mitosis during which the first separation of chromatids occurs
Telophase
final stage of mitosis during which chromosomes become threadlike, nuclear envelopes form, and nucleoli appear in daughter nuclei
Cytokinesis
the division of cytoplasm during cell division
Contractile ring
pinching of the plasma membrane between two nuclei in animal cells
Cell plate
beginning of a new cell wall that will separate two new plant cells
Phosphorylation
addition of a phosphate group
Kinase
a kinase enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them
Cell cycle check points
Points of transition between different phases of the cell cycle, which are regulated by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases
Cyclin
A protein that activates a cyclin-dependent kinase, bringing about transitions in the cell cycle.
Cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)
a family of protein kinases first discovered for their role in regulating the cell cycle
Anaphase promoting complex (APC)
signal to go from metaphase to anaphase is transmitted through this
Separase
Hydrolyzes the cohesin proteins
Proto-Oncogene
Normal signals that stimulate cell growth and division
Oncogene
Mutated, abnormal proto-oncogenes that are overactive
Tumor suppressor gene
Slow/inhibit cell growth and division rates; loss of these results in tumor growth
Meiosis
Division of a diploid nucleus to produce four haploid daughter cells. The process consists of two successive nuclear divisions with only one cycle of chromosome replication.
Somatic cells
All the cells of the body that are not specialized for reproduction
Germ-line cells
the line (sequence) of germ cells that have genetic material that may be passed to a child
Synapsis
the pairing of two homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis
Crossing over
the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that results in recombinant chromosomes
Chiasmata
the point where two homologous non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material during chromosomal crossover during meiosis
Genetic recombination
the process by which two DNA molecules exchange genetic information, resulting in the production of a new combination of alleles