Chapter 7 Capturing Energy

Front 1

Organisms obtain carbon either as:

Back 1

Autotrophs-
-“Self Nourishing”
- They can carry out carbon fixation
Heterotrophs-
- “Other nourishing”
- They can NOT carry out carbon fixation.

Front 2

Organisms obtaion energy in one of two ways:

Back 2

Phototrophs- AKA producers.
-Photosynthetic organisms that use light as their energy source.
-Producers make organic compound from inorganic substances.
Chemotrophs use organic compounds (glucose) or inorganic compounds (iron, nitrate, ammonia, sulfur) as sources of energy.

Front 3

All organisms fall into one of four groups based on carbon & energy requirements.

Back 3

-Photoautotrophs
-Photoheterotrophs
-Chemoautotrophs
-Chemoheterotrophs

Front 4

Photoautotrophs

Back 4

-Land plants, algae, &certain prokaryotes.
Uses light energy to make ATP & may temporarily hold chemical energy.

Front 5

Photoheterotrophs

Back 5

-Able to use light energy but unable to carry out carbon fixation.
-They must obtain carbon from organic compounds as “food”.
-A few bacteria, known as non-sulfur purple bacteria.

Front 6

Chemoautotrophs

Back 6

-These prokaryotes get their energy from the oxidation of reduced inorganic molecules such as hydrogen sulfide, nitrite, or ammonia.
-Some of the energy is then used to carry out carbon fixation.

Front 7

Chemoheterotrophs

Back 7

- All fungi, animals, & most bacteria.
-They use preformed organic molecules as a source of both energy & carbon.

Front 8

Light

Back 8

-Visible light is a very small part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
-Yet, it is VITAL to ALL life as we know it

Front 9

What is the Electromagnetic Spectrum?

Back 9

-It is the continuous range of radiation that travels throughout the universe.
-All radiation in this range travels in waves.

Front 10

Wavelength

Back 10

-Distance from one peak to another wave peak or any two consecutive points on a wave.
-Usually measured in nanometers (nm).
380 nm - 760nm = Visible light
Violet- Red
-Light is composed of bundles or packets of energy referred to as

Front 11

More on Wavelenghts

Back 11

-Energy is inversely proportional to wavelength.
-EM Radiation with longer wavelengths than visible light (infrared, radio waves…) Do NOT have enough energy to excite the biological molecules needed for photosynthesis.
-EM with shorter wavelengths than visible light (ultraviolet, x rays, gamma…) have TOO MUCH energy and disrupt the bonds in the biological molecules needed for photosynthesis.

Front 12

Chlorophyll

Back 12

green pigment in plants

Front 13

Chloroplasts

Back 13

organelle containing chlorophyll

Front 14

Mesophyll- middle layer”

Back 14

chloroplasts lie mainly in this layer within the leaf. It is made up of air spaces & very high.. Each mesophyll cell contain 20-100 chloroplasts.

Front 15

Stomata

Back 15

microscopic pores on the leaf that exchanges gases with the outside environment.

Front 16

Thylakoids

Back 16

are flat, disc like sacs suspended in the stroma. Thylakoids are involved in ATP synthesis within the chloroplast of a plant cell.

Front 17

Grana

Back 17

are stacks of hyaloids.

Front 18

Chlorophyll A

Back 18

initiates the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis. (makes it appear brighter green)

Front 19

Chlorophyll B

Back 19

is an important accessory pigment that also participates in photosynthesis. (makes it appear yellow- green

Front 20

Carotenoids

Back 20

yellow orange pigments.