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24 Cards in this Set

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What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
We break down our food to get ATP 2C6H12O6 ---> H20+CO2 = Cellular Respiration
Where does cellular respiration occur?
in the cytoplasm and the mitochondria. In prokaryotes it occurs in the plasma membrane
Breaking bonds
we break the bonds between the hydrogen
Redox Reactions
LEO, GER
Oxidation
loss of electrons
Reduction
the gain of electrons A- + B → A + B- A- has the potential energy because of the (-) then it moves to B so B will have the potential energy. when you get a negative you reduce, when you gain a negative electron you get reduced.
List the steps of Cellular Respiration
1. Glycolysis- the splitting of sugar Where: happening in the cytosolAQZ, What: we start with glucose and 2ATP then we get out two molecules called pyruvate. This is a primer step. Glucose+2ATP → 2 pyruvate, 2ATP and 2NADH 2. Acetyl CoA Synthesis- Where: occurring in matrix of mitochondriaWhat: 2 Pyruvate → acetyl CoA, 2NADH, 2CO2(CoA) is Coenzyme A 3.Kreb’s Cycle or the Citric Acid Cycle or TCA CycleWhere: in the matrix of the mitochondriaWhat: Acetyl CoA, oxaloacetate → 2ATP, 4CO2, 2FADH2, 6NADHWhere is the energy now? 2ATP, 2FADH2, and 6NADH 4.Electron Transport ChainWhere: inner membrane of the mitochondriaWhat: NADH, FADH2, O2 → Lots of ATP, H2O
How is energy stored in carbohydrates and lipids?
Carbohydrates and lipids can both be used as energy storage however carbohydrates are usually used for short term storage whereas lipids are used for long term storage. Carbohydrates are soluble in water unlike lipids. This makes carbohydrates easy to transport around the body (from and to the store). Also, carbohydrates are a lot easier and more rapidly digested so their energy is useful if the body requires energy fast. As for lipids, they are insoluble which makes them more difficult to transport however because they are insoluble, lipids do not have an effect on osmosis which prevents problems within the cells in the body. They also contain more energy per gram than carbohydrates which makes lipids a lighter store compared to a store of carbohydrates equivalent in energy.
What role do electron carriers play in cell respiration?

FADH/FADH2 NAD+/NADHthey help out these reactions by transferring molecules to other molecules
What role does ATP play in cell respiration?

It’s energy, to get started like on the primer step you have to put ATP in to get more ATP out.
Describe the process and purpose of glycolysis
it splits sugar and works as a primer step for celluar respiration
What are the inputs and the outputs of glycolysis?
Inputs: glucose and 2 ATP Outputs: 2 pyruvate and 2NADH
Where does the step Acetyl-CoA Sythesis Occur and what is the overall reaction?
occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria Input:2 Pyruvate Output: acetyl CoA, 2NADH, and 2Co2
Where does the Cytric Acid Cycle Occur
in the matrix of the mitochondria
What is the overall reaction of the Citric Acid Cycle?
Input: Acetyl CoA, Oxaloacetate Output: 2ATP, 4Co2, 2FADH, and 6NADH
Where does the Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phoporylation occur?
inner membrane of the mitochondria
What is the overall reaction or electron transport chain?
NADH, FADH2, O2 → Lots of ATP, H2O
Explain the formation of the proton gradient and how it is used to power ATP production
A proton gradient is a source of potential energy it is a difference in proton concentration across the inner membrane. It has two components: a chemical gradient due to the difference in concentration and an electrical gradient due to the difference in charge between the two sides of the membrane. The oxidation of the electron carriers NADH and FADH2 formed during glycolisis, acetyl CoA synthesis, and the citric acid cycle leads to the generation of a proton electrochemical gradient, which is a source of potential energy. This source of potential energy is used to synthesize ATP.
At the end of the Citric Acid cycle where is the energy that was originally in glucose?
The energy is now in 2ATP, 2FADH2, and 6NADH
How is fermentation different than aerobic respiration
You go from pyruvate through fermentatation to lactic acid and you get 2ATP
How is anaerobic respiration different that aerobic respiration
It is more simple. You use something other than oxygen, and you don't get as much ATP out of this process
What happens to exess glucose in the body
We can store it as glycogen in our bodies and plants will store them as starch
Where do other sugars, fatty acids, and proteins enter respiration?
they come in by the FADH2 and NADH
How is respiration regulated?
The las product ATP can shut down any of these processes, this is called negative feedback.