Chapter 7 Bio

Front 1

mass?

Back 1

anything that has matter and takes up space.

Front 2

Energy

Back 2

capacity to do work

Front 3

kilojoules?

kilocalories?

Back 3

kiljoules in a unit of work....kilocalories is heat energy unit

Front 4

kinetic energy

Back 4

energy in motion

Front 5

potential energy

Back 5

capactiy to do work as a result of position or state

Front 6

thermodynamics

Back 6

study of energy and its transformations.

Front 7

closed system

open system

Back 7

does not exchange energy with its surrounding

does exchange energy with its surrounding

Front 8

1st law of thermodynamics

Back 8

Energy can not be created or destroyed, but can be transfered or converted from one form to another

Front 9

second law of thermodynamcis

Back 9

When energy is converted from one form to another, some energy left avablie to do work is converted into heat that dispereses into the surroundings.

Front 10

heat

Back 10

kinetic energy of randomly moving particles

Front 11

meabolism

Back 11

sum of al chemical acivities taking place in an organism

Front 12

anabolism

Back 12

includes the various pathways in which complex molecules are synthesized from simpler substances..ex: linking amino acids to form protein

Front 13

Catabolism

Back 13

includes the pathways in which larger molecles are broken down into smaller ones.....ex degradiation of starch to form moosaccharides

Front 14

enthalphy (H)

Back 14

potential energy of the system

Front 15

free energy (G)

Back 15

amount of energy avaalible to do work under the conditions of a biochemical reaction

Front 16

entropy

Back 16

amount of thermal energy no availbe to do work

Front 17

exergonic reaction

Back 17

a reaction that releases energy and is said to be a spontaneous or a 'Downhill" reaction from higher to lower free energey

Front 18

endergonic reaction

Back 18

is a reaction in which there is a gain of free energy

Front 19

meabolism

Back 19

sum of al chemical acivities taking place in an organism

Front 20

concentraion gradient

Back 20

when there is a region with a high and low concentration....cells must expand enery to do this

Front 21

anabolism

Back 21

includes the various pathways in which complex molecules are synthesized from simpler substances..ex: linking amino acids to form protein

Front 22

dynamic equilibrium

Back 22

in which the rate of the reverse reaction equals the rate of the forward reaction

Front 23

Catabolism

Back 23

includes the pathways in which larger molecles are broken down into smaller ones.....ex degradiation of starch to form moosaccharides

Front 24

meabolism

Back 24

sum of al chemical acivities taking place in an organism

Front 25

enthalphy (H)

Back 25

potential energy of the system

Front 26

anabolism

Back 26

includes the various pathways in which complex molecules are synthesized from simpler substances..ex: linking amino acids to form protein

Front 27

free energy (G)

Back 27

amount of energy avaalible to do work under the conditions of a biochemical reaction

Front 28

Catabolism

Back 28

includes the pathways in which larger molecles are broken down into smaller ones.....ex degradiation of starch to form moosaccharides

Front 29

entropy

Back 29

amount of thermal energy no availbe to do work

Front 30

enthalphy (H)

Back 30

potential energy of the system

Front 31

exergonic reaction

Back 31

a reaction that releases energy and is said to be a spontaneous or a 'Downhill" reaction from higher to lower free energey

Front 32

free energy (G)

Back 32

amount of energy avaalible to do work under the conditions of a biochemical reaction

Front 33

endergonic reaction

Back 33

is a reaction in which there is a gain of free energy

Front 34

entropy

Back 34

amount of thermal energy no availbe to do work

Front 35

concentraion gradient

Back 35

when there is a region with a high and low concentration....cells must expand enery to do this

Front 36

exergonic reaction

Back 36

a reaction that releases energy and is said to be a spontaneous or a 'Downhill" reaction from higher to lower free energey

Front 37

dynamic equilibrium

Back 37

in which the rate of the reverse reaction equals the rate of the forward reaction

Front 38

endergonic reaction

Back 38

is a reaction in which there is a gain of free energy

Front 39

concentraion gradient

Back 39

when there is a region with a high and low concentration....cells must expand enery to do this

Front 40

dynamic equilibrium

Back 40

in which the rate of the reverse reaction equals the rate of the forward reaction

Front 41

coupled reactions

Back 41

thermodymnically favorable exergonic reaction tat provides the energy required to drive the thermdynamicaly unfavorable endergonic reaction

Front 42

adensosine triphospate (ATP)

Back 42

holds readily avablie energy for very short periods

Front 43

adenosine diphospate (ADP)

Back 43

chemical created when the terminal phospate is removed from ATP

Front 44

phosphorylation reaction

Back 44

one in whicg a phospate group is transferred to some other compound

Front 45

oxidation

Back 45

chemical process in which a substance loses electrons

Front 46

reduction

Back 46

substace gains electrons

Front 47

redox reactions

Back 47

when oxdiation and reduction reactions happen at same time

Front 48

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)

NADH

Back 48

NAD is an acceptor molecule, when reduced sotres large amounts of free eneergy... becomes reduced when combined with hydrogen

Front 49

NADP

Nadph

Back 49

hydrogen accptor but has an extra phospate group then NAD

nadph is the reduced form

Front 50

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAd)

Back 50

is a nucleotide that accepts hydrogen atomd and electrons

reduced=fadh2

Front 51

cytochromes

Back 51

proteins that contain iron

Front 52

enzymes

Back 52

regulate rate of chemical reaction

Front 53

catalysts

Back 53

increase speed of reaction without being consumed

Front 54

catalase

Back 54

enzyme that decompes 40 million molecules of hydrogen peroxide per second.

Front 55

energy of actavation

Back 55

energy required to break the existing bonds and being the eraction

Front 56

substrate

Back 56

substance that an enzyme acts on

Front 57

Es complex

Back 57

when this break up product is realeased

Front 58

active sites

Back 58

regions which substre binds to from Es complex

Front 59

induced fit

Back 59

the binding of the substrate to the enzyme molecule causes a change

Front 60

cofactor

Back 60

chemicAL componet in enzyme.

Front 61

coenzyme

Back 61

nonpolypeptide compound that binds to the apoenyzme and erves as a cofactor

Front 62

coenzyme a

Back 62

is involved in the tranfer groups dervied from organic acid

Front 63

metabolic pathway

Back 63

serious of reactions

Front 64

feedback inhibiton

Back 64

type of enzyme regulation in which the formulation of a product inhibits an earlier reaction in the sequence

Front 65

allosteric site

Back 65

receptor site of enzymes

Front 66

allosteric regulators

Back 66

substances that affect enzyme activity by binding to allsteric inhibtors

Front 67

Reverible inhibiton

Back 67

when an inhibotr forms weak chemical bonds with an enzyme

Front 68

competitive inhibiton

Back 68

inhibtior competes with the normal substare for binding to the active site of the enzyme

Front 69

noncompetive inhibtion

Back 69

inhibtor binds with the enzyme at a site other han the active site

Front 70

irreversible inhibtion

Back 70

inhibitor permentatly inactivates or destroys an enzyme when the inhibitor combines with one of the enzymes functional groups