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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
History of Intelligence Testing
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• The history of clinical psychology is tied to the assessment of intelligence
• Began with Binet-Simon in France 1905 • Prior to this, the study of individual differences had already begun in England with Francis Galton • Work of Wechsler in creating tests for children & adults has been significant • 1960s – intelligence tests became unpopular due to unfairness of tests to the minorities |
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II. Concept of Intelligence
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• Definition: complex concept on the basis of biological & psychological factors (equally)
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Wechsler’s Definition: (most comprehensive)
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o Intelligence defined as logical thinking, rational behavior & effective action
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• Psychological Definition
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o Intelligence has been defined as problem solving ability (thinking, reasoning, & problem-solving)
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• Biological definition
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o Related to the functioning of cortical cells of the brain
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• I.Q.
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o Short for intelligence quotient
o The numerical value of intelligence, determined in the following ways: |
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• Ratio IQ
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Determined by using the Binet formula: MA/CA*100=IQ
o Since intellectual growth is more rapid in the earlier years, the Binet formula. o Binet formula doesn’t work for adults |
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• Deviation IQ
Environmental mental interventions change I.Q. scores |
Was introduced by Wechsler. Assumes that intelligence is normally distributed throughout a population
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• School Success
I.Q. correlates positively with school success & achievement |
I.Q. correlates positively with school success & achievement
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• Heredity & Intelligence
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Genetic factors influence intelligence I.Q. of identical twins correlates about 86%
Environmental mental interventions change I.Q. scores |
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• Stability of I.Q. Scores
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I.Q. scores remain stable since each person’s performance is compared with persons of his/her age group
However, IQ scores do change Clinicans state the “present level of intellectual functioning” in discussing I.Q. scores |
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• Stanford-Binet Scales
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o Created in 1905 by Binet-Simon, the test has undergone many revisions
o Recently, a more new revision has appeared o Best age range for this test 12-13 years |
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• Wechsler scales
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o 1939, Wechsler Bellevue Intelligence Scale for adults was created by David Wechsler
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o using deviation I.Q., the Wechsler tests yield 3 I.Q. scores:
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• verbal
• performance • full scale |
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What is the average and standard deviation for I.Q. scores?
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mean: 100
standard deviation: 15 |
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o Wechsler also created the following 3 tests which have been revised
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• Wechsler Pre-School Intelligence
• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) 17+ • Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) 6-17 |
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• Distribution of I.Q. scores
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• 0-70: mentally retarded
• 90-110: normal range • 130-above: gifted range |
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o Reliability
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• Defined as the consistency of a test to give the same or nearly the same scores if it’s used more than once
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o Validity
• The degree to which a test measures a dimension or criteria intended to be measured • It’s also the power of prediction of a test. |
• The degree to which a test measures a dimension or criteria intended to be measured
• It’s also the power of prediction of a test. |