Chapter 7

Front 1

computer analogy

Back 1

computers make noise when it begins to work and the brain does not.

Front 2

concepts

Back 2

mental categories used to group objects, events and characteristics. allows us to generalize. helps make sense of things

Front 3

prototype model

Back 3

using characteristic properties to create representation of average or ideal matter.

narrow down concepts

Front 4

What are the steps of problem solving

Back 4

1st step- recognize problems

2nd- Develop strategies to solve problems

3rd- evaluating solution

4th-Redefine problems. how would you make it better for next time.

Front 5

What is a sub-goal

Back 5

setting intermediate goals

Front 6

algorithmns

Back 6

think about solving a math problem. guarantee solution to a problem.

ex: following a recipe

Front 7

heuristics

Back 7

short cut strategies: don't always guarantee solution. only picking one way although you have options

Front 8

Fixation

Back 8

using prior style or failing to approach new problem with a fresh perspective.

ex; once a baby learns to do something a certain way it will continue to use that way

Front 9

Functional fixedness

Back 9

failing to solve problem. not thinking outside the box. fixed on usual function or easy way it can be done.

Front 10

reasoning

Back 10

transforming info to reach conclusion

Front 11

inductive reasoning

Back 11

using prior knowledge 2 make generalization. ex: turning on a cell phone and knowing it won't explode.

Front 12

deductive reasoning

Back 12

Drawing conclusion from facts

Front 13

Decision making vs. reasoning

Back 13

Reasoning uses established rules to draw conclusions

decision making has no rules and people are unaware of the outcome

Front 14

conformation bias

Back 14

tendency to search/use info to support ideas not to refute them. ex: trying to win a argument.

Front 15

hind-sight bias

Back 15

report false even after knowing real answer. Lying. Ex: Failing a test and saying that you passed.

Front 16

Availability heuristic

Back 16

Prediction about probability of an event based on ease of recalling/imagining similar events.. Ex: being afraid to fly after you've heard about a plane crash.

Front 17

base rate fallacy

Back 17

the tendency to ignore info about general principles and in favor of specific but vivid info.

Ex: reading a consumer report about car and panel of experts say that the car is great but you listen to your friend who had a bad experience with the car.

Front 18

Representativeness heuristic

Back 18

making judgements off appearance or stereotypes.

Ex: female w/great resume applies for a job ,she is overlooked bc she is a female.

Front 19

Standardization

Back 19

developing uniform procedures for administering / scoring a test. Ex: the SAT. everyone takes it on the same day at the same time with same procedures.

Front 20

What are the characteristics of critical thinking

Back 20

Mindfulness( alert and mentally present)

Openmindedness( Being receptive to other ways of looking at things)

Front 21

Divergent

Back 21

many solutions to one problem

Front 22

Convergent

Back 22

produces single best solution

Front 23

Brainstorming

Back 23

occurs during divergent, occurs when a group of people throw out a range of possible solution.

Front 24

Criterion validity

Back 24

measures how consistent the test is with other test

Front 25

reliabilty

Back 25

how consistent an individual performs on a test

Front 26

validity

Back 26

test measures what it is intended to measure. if test is valid it is reliable

Front 27

mental age

Back 27

level of mental development. If you are 18 you should have the mind and think like a 18yr old.

ex: being 18 and having the mind of a 4 year old

Front 28

chronological age

Back 28

your actual age

Front 29

intelligence quotient

Back 29

mental/chronological x 100

Front 30

heritability

Back 30

observable differences in a group that is explained by differences in the genes of the group members.

Front 31

giftedness

Back 31

superior talent in particular area.high intelligence.

Front 32

intellectual disability

Back 32

formerly retardation. limited mental ability. IQ below 70. has difficulty adapting to everyday life.

Front 33

cultural bias

Back 33

favoring one group over another

Front 34

organic intellectual disability

Back 34

caused by genetic disorder or brain damage EX: down syndrome.

Front 35

cultural familial

Back 35

mental deficit w/no evidence of organic brain damage.

Front 36

Sternberg's theory of intelligence

Back 36

states that intelligence comes in multiple forms.

analytical: ability to analyze,judge,evaluate

creative: ability to create design,invent, originate

practical:ability to use,apply, implement ideas into practice.

Front 37

Gardener's Theory of intelligence

There are 9

Back 37

verbal

mathematical

spatial

bodily

musical

interpersonal

intrapersonal

naturalistic

existentialist-meaning of life and death

Front 38

infinite generativity

Back 38

the ability of language to produce an endless number of meanings

Front 39

phonology

Back 39

language sound system the basic

Front 40

morphology

Back 40

rules for word formation

Front 41

syntax

Back 41

rules for combining words to form phrases and sentences

Front 42

semantics

Back 42

meaning of words and sentences in a particular language pragmatics: useful character of lang and the ability of lang to communicate more than what is actually said

Front 43

linguistic relativity hypothesis

Back 43

language determines the way we think

Front 44

Babbling

Back 44

endlessly repeating sounds and syllables such as bababa and dadada. begins 4-6 months

Front 45

Genie the wild child

Back 45

parents had kept her locked away for 13yrs.

she couldn't speak or stand erect.

Front 46

Benjamin Whaf

Back 46

linguistic relativity hypothesis