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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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skeletal System functions
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support
protection (skulls - protects brain) (lungs-heart) produces blood cells (red blood marrow) stores minerals (calcium, phosphate) stores fat (yellow marrow) along with muscles work as levers to bring about to bring about movement |
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Bone Classes------long bone
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The length is greater than the width
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femur phalangees metatarsals
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short bone
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length & width about the same
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carpals
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flat bones
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plate like w/ broad surfaces
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skull parietal bone
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irregular bones
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weird, vary in shaoe
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vertebrae
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sesamoid bone
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tiny tiny bones that develop after the fact
develop w/in tendon |
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Long bone anatomy-------- Epipyses
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ends of bones
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diaphysis
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shaft of bone
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articular cartilage
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Is hyaline cartilage on the epiphysis
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medullary cavity
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Canal w/in shaft
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Red bone marrow
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Where blood cells are made
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yellow marrow
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fat storage (triglycerides)
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periosteum
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CT covering bone
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endosteum
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C.T. lining medullary cavity
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compact bone tissue
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Is dense bone containing calcium phosphate & collagen
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osteon
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cylinder shaped units functional units
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osteocytes
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Bone cells that live in lacunae
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Central canals
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contains nerves & blood vessels
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canaliculi
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connect central canal to lacunae
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perforating canals
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connect central canals also contain nerves in blood vessels
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spongy bone tissue
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contains numerous bony bars & plates called trabeculae
contains blood vessels, nerves, & bone marrow |
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3 types of bone cells
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osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts
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osteocyes
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mature bone cells
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osteoblasts
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Bone forming cells
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osteoclasts (cells)
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break down bone dissolves bone & releases calcium
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Bone homeostasis
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Is maintained by hormones & negative feedback
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calcium blood levels low
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hormones keep it in check
osteoclasts break down & release calcium |
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calcium blood levels too high
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osteoblasts store Ca in bones and they perform ossification
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ossification
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formation of bone (making bones)
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2 types of ossification
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intramembranous, endochindral
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intramembranous
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Bone develops between sheets of connective tissue
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ex. ribs
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endochondrial
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hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone starts in diaphysis continues to mid 20's
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ex. In fetus
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endochondrial
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primary ossification occurs in diaphysis
secondary occurs in epiphysis |
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epiphyseal plates
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areas b/t primary &secondary ossification sites
remain hyaline cartilage |
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Bone repair----- fracture
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fracture=bone break
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formation of hematoma
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blood clot forms b/t broken bones
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fibro cartilage callus
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fibro cartilage fills in space
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bony callus
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osteoblasts replace cartilage w/ bine
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remodeling
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osteoclasts & osteoblasts work together to further strengthen bone
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fractures------- Greenstick
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incomplete one side
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fissured
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incomplete along longitudinal axis
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com minutes fracture
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complete w/ fragments
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transverse
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complete @ right angle to bone
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oblique
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complete @ a diagnol angle
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spiral
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complete twisted break
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skull=cranium
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Can divide skull into 2 types cranium & facial
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sutures
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immovable joints in skull
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fontanels
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C.T. where skull bones meet in infants good for childbirth and they will eventually become suture
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hyoid
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Only bone not in direct contact w/ another
held in place by cartilage of larynx |
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spine= vertebral column
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vertebral bones are separated by fibro cartilage intervertebral discs
forms part of thoracic cage |
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pectoral girdle
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made up of scapula & clavicle it's what the arm hooks up too
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pelvic girdle
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made up of 3 bones
coxae, sacrum, coccyx |
protects reproductive organs
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female pelvis
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Is more broad & flared to allow passage of baby during childbirth
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joints=articulation
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Where bones come together
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3 types of joints
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fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial joint
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fibrous
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immovable joints
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ex. sutures
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cartilaginous
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slightly movable
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ex.....In between rib &sternum
costal cartilage in between public bone pubic symphysis |
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synovial joint
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freely movable bones held together by joint capsule
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synovial membrane
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lines cavities & secretes synovial fluid
a lube |
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ligaments
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Hold bone to bone
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tendons
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Hold muscle to bone
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menisci
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pads of cartilage for cushioning &support
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bursa
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fluid filled sacs for cushion and support
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types of synovial joints
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types of synovial joints
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ball & socket joint
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hip & shoulder
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condylar
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between metacarpals & phalangees
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knuckle joints
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gliding=plane
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between carpals
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hinge
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elbow & knee b/t phalangees
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pivot
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b/t radius & ulna
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saddle
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b/t carpal & metacarpal of thumb
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joint movements
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joint movements
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flexion
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angle b/t bones decrease
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extension
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angle b/t bones increases
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hyperextension
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extension beyond anatomical position
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dorsiflexion
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flexing the foot toward back of body
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plantar flexion
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pointing toe
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abduction
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moving parts away from one another
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adduction
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bringing parts together
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circumduction
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moving body part in a circle
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rotation
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twisting part around on axis
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supination
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Palm up
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pronation
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Palm down
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inversion
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turning sole of foot inward
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eversion
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sole turned outward
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protraction
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part is moved forward
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retraction
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part is moved back
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elevation
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part moved upward
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depression
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part moved down
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