Chapter 7

Front 1

alveol/o

Back 1

alveolos (air sac)

Front 2

bronch/o, bronchi/o

Back 2

bronchus (airway)

Front 3

bronchiol/o

Back 3

bronchiole (little airway)

Front 4

capn/o, carb/o

Back 4

carbon dioxide

Front 5

laryng/o

Back 5

larynx (voice box)

Front 6

lob/o

Back 6

lobe (a portion)

Front 7

nas/o, rhin/o

Back 7

nose

Front 8

or/o

Back 8

mouth

Front 9

ox/o

Back 9

oxygen

Front 10

palat/o

Back 10

palate

Front 11

pharyng/o

Back 11

pharynx

Front 12

phren/o

Back 12

diaphragm (also mind)

Front 13

pleur/o

Back 13

pleura (lining of the lungs)

Front 14

pneum/o, pneumon/o

Back 14

air or lung

Front 15

pulmon/o

Back 15

lung

Front 16

sinus/o

Back 16

sinus (cavity)

Front 17

spir/o

Back 17

breathing

Front 18

thorac/o, pector/o, steth/o

Back 18

chest

Front 19

tonsill/o

Back 19

tonsil

Front 20

trache/o

Back 20

trachea (windpipe)

Front 21

uvul/o

Back 21

uvula

Front 22

-pnea

Back 22

breathing

Front 23

nose

Back 23

structure that warms, moistens, and filters air as it enters the respiratory tract; houses receptors for smell

Front 24

sinuses

Back 24

air filled spaces in the skull that open into the nasal cavity

Front 25

palate

Back 25

the roof of the mouth; divided into the hard and soft palate

Front 26

pharynx

Back 26

throat; passageway for the food to the esophagus and air to the larynx

Front 27

nasopharynx

Back 27

part of the pharynx directly behind the nasal passages

Front 28

oropharynx

Back 28

central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis

Front 29

laryngopharynx

Back 29

lower part of the pharynx just below the oropharynx opening into the larynx and esophagus

Front 30

tonsils

Back 30

oval lymphatic tissues on each side of the pharynx that filter air to protect the body from bacterial invasion; also called palatine tonsils

Front 31

adenoid

Back 31

lymphatic tissue on the back of the pharynx behind the nose; also called pharyngeal tonsil

Front 32

uvula

Back 32

small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the soft palate, named for its grapelike shape

Front 33

larynx

Back 33

voice box,; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords

Front 34

glottis

Back 34

opening between the vocal cords in the larynx

Front 35

epiglottis

Back 35

a lid like structure that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway

Front 36

trachea

Back 36

windpipe; passageway for air from the larynx to the area of the carina, where it splits into right and left bronchus

Front 37

bronchial tree

Back 37

branched airways that lead from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs called alveoli

Front 38

right and left bronchus

Back 38

two primary airways branching from the area of the carina into the lungs

Front 39

bronchioles

Back 39

progressively smaller tubular branches of air paths

Front 40

alveoli

Back 40

thin-walled microscopic air sacs that exchange gases

Front 41

lungs

Back 41

two spongy organs in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage, responsible for respiration

Front 42

lobes

Back 42

subdivisions of the lung; two on the left and three on the right

Front 43

pleura

Back 43

membranes enclosing the lung (visceral pleura) and lining the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura)

Front 44

pleural cavity

Back 44

potential space between visceral and parietal layers of the pleura

Front 45

diaphragm

Back 45

muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and moves up and down to aid respiration

Front 46

mediastinum

Back 46

partition that separates the thorax into two compartments and encloses the hear, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland

Front 47

mucous membranes

Back 47

thins sheets of tissue that line reparatory passages and secrete mucus, a viscid fluid

Front 48

cilia

Back 48

hair like processes from the surface of epithelial cells, such as those of the bronchi, to move mucus cell secretions upward

Front 49

parenchyma

Back 49

functional tissues of any organ, such as the tissues of the bronchioles, alveoli, ducts and sacs that perform respiration

Front 50

eupnea

Back 50

normal breathing

Front 51

bradypnea

Back 51

slow breathing

Front 52

tachypnea

Back 52

fast breathing

Front 53

hypopnea

Back 53

shallow breathing

Front 54

hyperpnea

Back 54

deep breathing

Front 55

dyspnea

Back 55

difficulty breathing

Front 56

apnea

Back 56

inability to breathe

Front 57

orthopnea

Back 57

ability to breathe only in the upright position

Front 58

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

Back 58

pattern of breathing characterized by a gradual increase of depth and sometimes rate to a maximum level, followed by a decrease resulting in apnea

Front 59

crackles

Back 59

popping sounds heard on auscultation of the lungs when air enters diseased airways and alveoli

Front 60

rales

Back 60

popping sounds heard on auscultation of the lungs when air enters diseased airways and alveoli

Front 61

wheezes

Back 61

high-pitched, musical sounds heard on auscultation of the lungs as air flows through a narrowed airway; occurs in disorders such as asthma or emphysema

Front 62

rhonchi

Back 62

high-pitched, musical sounds heard on auscultation of the lungs as air flows through a narrowed airway; occurs in disorders such as asthma or emphysema

Front 63

stridor

Back 63

a high pitched crowing sound that occurs with an obstruction in the upper airway

Front 64

cyanosis

Back 64

a bluish coloration of the skin caused by a deficient amount of oxygen in the blood

Front 65

dysphonia (phon/o = voice or sound0

Back 65

hoarseness

Front 66

epistaxis (stazo = to drip)

Back 66

nosebleed

Front 67

expectoration

Back 67

coughing up and spitting out of material from the lungs

Front 68

sputum

Back 68

material expelled from the lungs by coughing

Front 69

hemoptysis (ptysis = spit)

Back 69

coughing up and spitting out blood originating in the lungs

Front 70

hypercapnia, hypercarbia

Back 70

excessive level of carbon dioxide in the blood

Front 71

hyperventilation

Back 71

excessive movement of air in and out of the lungs, causing hypocapnia

Front 72

hypoventilation

Back 72

deficient movement of air in and out of the lungs, causing hypercapnia

Front 73

hypoxemia

Back 73

deficient amount of oxygen in the blood

Front 74

hypoxia

Back 74

deficient amount of oxygen in tissue cells

Front 75

obstructive lung disorder

Back 75

condition blocking the flow of air moving out of the lungs

Front 76

restrictive lung disorder

Back 76

condition limiting the intake of air into the lungs

Front 77

caseous necrosis

Back 77

degeneration and death of tissue with a cheese like appearance

Front 78

pulmonary edema

Back 78

fluid filling of the spaces around the alveoli and eventually flooding into the alveoli

Front 79

pulmonary infiltrate

Back 79

density on an x-ray representing the consolidation of the matter within air spaced of the lungs, usually resulting from an inflammatory process

Front 80

rhinorrhea

Back 80

thin, watery discharge from the nose

Front 81

asthma

Back 81

panting, obstructive pulmonary disease caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes or by swelling of their mucous membrane

Front 82

atelectasis

Back 82

collapse of lung tissue

Front 83

bronchitis

Back 83

inflammation of the bronchi

Front 84

bronchogenic carcinoma

Back 84

lung cancer; cancer originating in the bronchi

Front 85

bronchospasm

Back 85

constriction of bronchi caused by spasm of the peribronchial smooth muscle

Front 86

emphysema

Back 86

obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by overexpansion of alveoli with air and destructive changes in their walls resulting in loss of lung elasticity and gas exchange

Front 87

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Back 87

permanent, destructive pulmonary disorder that is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema

Front 88

laryngitis

Back 88

inflammation of the larynx

Front 89

laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB), croup

Back 89

inflammation of the upper airways with swelling that creates a funnel shaped elongation of tissue causing a distinct, “seal bark” cough

Front 90

laryngospasm

Back 90

spasm of laryngeal muscles, causing a constriction

Front 91

nasal polyposis

Back 91

presence of numerous polyps in the nose (tumor on a stalk)

Front 92

pharyngitis

Back 92

inflammation of the pharynx

Front 93

coryza

Back 93

head cold; inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes

Front 94

pleural effusion

Back 94

accumulation of fluid within the pleural cavity

Front 95

empyema, pyothorax

Back 95

accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity

Front 96

hemothorax

Back 96

blood in pleural cavity

Front 97

pleuritis, pleurisy

Back 97

inflammation of the pleura

Front 98

pneumoconiosis

Back 98

chronic restrictive pulmonary disease resulting from prolonged inhalation of fine dust such as coal

Front 99

pneumonia

Back 99

an inflammation in the lung caused by infection from bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites

Front 100

pneumocystis pneumonia

Back 100

pneumonia caused by the pneumocystis carinii organism, common in people with AIDS

Front 101

pneumohemothorax

Back 101

air and blood in the pleural cavity

Front 102

pneumonitis

Back 102

inflammation of the lung often caused by hypersensitivity to chemicals or dust

Front 103

pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)

Back 103

disease caused by the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lungs, characterized by the formation of tubercles, inflammation and necrotizing caseous lesions

Front 104

sinusitis

Back 104

inflammation of the sinuses

Front 105

sleep apnea

Back 105

periods of breathing cessation that occur during sleep, often causing snoring

Front 106

tonsillitis

Back 106

acute of chronic inflammation of the tonsils

Front 107

upper respiratory infection (URI)

Back 107

infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract involving the nasal passages, pharynx and bronchi

Front 108

arterial blood gases (ABGs)

Back 108

analysis of arterial blood to determine adequacy of lung function in the exchange of gases

Front 109

pH

Back 109

a measure of the blood acidity or alkalinity

Front 110

PaO2

Back 110

partial pressure of oxygen measuring the amount of oxygen in the blood

Front 111

PaCO2

Back 111

partial pressure of carbon dioxide measuring the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood

Front 112

endoscopy

Back 112

examination inside a body cavity with a flexible endoscope for diagnostic treatment purposes

Front 113

bronchoscopy

Back 113

use of bronchoscope to examine air ways

Front 114

nasopharyngoscopy

Back 114

use of a flexible endoscope to examine the nasal passages and the pharynx to diagnose structural abnormalities such as obstructions, growths, and cancers

Front 115

auscultation

Back 115

to listen; a physical examination method of listening to the sounds within the body with the aid of a stethoscope

Front 116

percussion

Back 116

tapping over the body to elicit vibrations and sounds to estimate the size, border, or fluid content of a cavity, such as the chest

Front 117

lung biopsy

Back 117

removal of a small piece of lung tissue for pathologic examination

Front 118

lung scan

Back 118

a two part scan of the lungs to detect abnormalities of ventilation or perfusion

Front 119

magnetic resonance image (MRI)

Back 119

non ionizing image of the lung to visualize lung lesions

Front 120

polysomnography (PSG)

Back 120

recording of various aspects of sleep for diagnosis of sleep disorders

Front 121

pulmonary function testing (PET)

Back 121

direct and indirect measurements of lung volumes and capacities

Front 122

spirometry

Back 122

a direct measurement of lung volume and capacity

Front 123

tidal volume (TV or Vt)

Back 123

amount of air exhaled after normal inspiration

Front 124

vital capacity (VC)

Back 124

amount of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration

Front 125

peak flow (PF), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)

Back 125

measure of the fastest flow of exhaled air after a maximal inspiration

Front 126

chest x-ray (CXR)

Back 126

x-ray of the chest to visualize the lungs

Front 127

pulmonary angiography

Back 127

x-ray of the blood vessels of lungs after injection of contrast material

Front 128

adenoidectomy

Back 128

excision of adenoids

Front 129

lobectomy

Back 129

removal of a lobe of a lung

Front 130

nasal polypectomy

Back 130

removal of a nasal polyp

Front 131

pneumonectomy

Back 131

removal of and entire lung

Front 132

thoracentesis

Back 132

puncture for aspiration of the chest

Front 133

thoracoplasty

Back 133

repair of the chest involving fixation of the ribs

Front 134

thoracoscopy

Back 134

endoscopic examination of the pleural cavity using a thorascope

Front 135

thoracostomy

Back 135

creation of an opening in the chest, usually to insert a tub

Front 136

thoracotomy

Back 136

incision into chest

Front 137

tonsillectomy

Back 137

excision of palatine tonsils

Front 138

tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T & A)

Back 138

excision of tonsils and adenoids

Front 139

tracheostomy

Back 139

creation of an opening in the trachea, usually to insert a tube

Front 140

tracheotomy

Back 140

incision into the trachea

Front 141

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

Back 141

a method of artificial respiration and chest compressions to move oxygeneted blood to vital organs when breathing and the heart have stopped

Front 142

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Back 142

a device that pumps a constant pressurized flow of air through the nasal passages, commonly used during sleep to prevent airway closure and sleep apnea

Front 143

endotracheal intubation

Back 143

passage of a tube into the trachea via the nose or mouth to open the airway for delivering gas mixtures to the lungs

Front 144

incentive spirometry

Back 144

a common postoperative breathing therapy using a specially designed spirometer to encourage the patient to inhale and hole an inspiratory volume to exercise the lungs and prevent pulmonary complications

Front 145

mechanical ventilation

Back 145

mechanical breathing using a ventilator

Front 146

antibiotic

Back 146

a drug that kills or inhibits growth of microorganisms

Front 147

anticoagulant

Back 147

a dug that dissolves, or prevents the formation of, thrombi or emboli in the blood vessels

Front 148

antihistamine

Back 148

a drug that neutralizes or inhibits the effects of histamine

Front 149

histamine

Back 149

a compound in the body that is released by injured cells in allergic reactions, inflammation, and so on, causing constriction of bronchial smooth muscle and dilation of blood vessels

Front 150

bronchodilator

Back 150

a drug that dilates the muscular walls of the bronchi

Front 151

expectorant

Back 151

a drug that breaks up mucus and promotes coughing