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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
language
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a set of sound and symbol used for communication
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mutual intelligibility
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ability of 2 people to understand each other when speaking
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standard language
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variant of language that a countrys political and intellectual elite seek to promote
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dialect
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local or regional characteristic of language
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dialect chains
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a set of contagious dialects
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isogloss
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geograpgic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occur
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language family
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group of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin
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subfamilies
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family where the commonalities are more definite
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sound shift
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slight change in a word across languages
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proto indo european
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linguistic hypothesis proposing the existence of an ancestral indo european language
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backward reconstruction
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sound shifts and hardening of consonants backward toward the original lamguage
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extinct language
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language without any native speakers
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deep reconstruction
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technique using tye vocabulary of an extinct language
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nostratic
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language believed to be the ancestral language not only of proto indo european but also the kartvelian language
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language divergence
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language breaks into dialects due to a lack of spatial interaction
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language convergence
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collapsing of two languages into one resulting from the consistent spatial interaction
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conquest theory
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theory of how proto indo european diffused into europe which holds that the early speakers of proto indo european spread
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dispersal hypothesis
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hypothesis which holds that the indo european languages that arose from pronto indo european were first carried eastward into southwest asia
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romamce language
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french, spanish, italian that lie the areas were once controlled by yhe roman empire
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germanic language
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english, german that reflects the expansion of peoples out of northern europe
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slavic languages
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russian, polish that developed as slavic people migrated from a base in present day ukraine
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lingua franca
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term deriving from frankish lamguage and applying to a tongue spoken in ancient mediterranean
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pidgin language
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parts of two or more langauge are combined in simplified structure
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creole language
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began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue by a people
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monolingual state
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countries which only one language is spoken
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multilingual state
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countries more than one language
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official language
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language selected often by the educated and politically powerful elite
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global language
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used mos commonly around the world
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place
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uniqueness of a location
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toponym
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place name
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