Chapter 6 Terms

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Pre 1500's source of Knowledge

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Scholars generally decided what was true or false by referring to an ancient Greek or Roman author or to the Bible. (Few European scholars challenged the scientific ideas of the ancient thinkers or the church by carefully observing nature for themselves.) ARISTOTLE-most important.

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Geocentric Theory

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Thinks that the earth is at the center of the universe, and everything revolved around it.

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Scientific Revolution

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A new way of thinking about the natural world, that way was based upon careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs. Pretestants are more active.

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Effect of Exploration

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Navigators needed better instruments and geographic measurements. As scientists began to look more closely at the world around them, they made observations that did not mathc the ancient beliefs. ESTRONOMY AND MATH.

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Effect of the printing press

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Allowed new ideas to spread. Easily reproduce great works. One of the most important inventions.

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Heliocentric Theory

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The belief that the sun is at the center of the universe.

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Copericus

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Believed in the heliocentric theory. Knew that most scholars and clergy would reject his theory because it contradicted their religious views.
Didn't publish his findings until 1543.
"On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies."

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Tycho Brahe

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Carefully recorded the movements of the planets for many years. Produced mountains of accurate data based on his observations.

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Johannes Kepler

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Continued Brahe's work. Concluded that certain mathematical laws govern PLANETARY MOTION.

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Galileo

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An Italian scientist. Built on the new theories about astronomy. Built his own telescope in 1609. 1610 published a book "STARRY MESSENGER" Announced that jupitar had 4 moons and the sun had dark spots. Earth's moon had a rough, uneven surface. (Shattered Aristotle's theory)

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Scientific Method

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A logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas. Begins with a problem or question arising from an odservation. HYPOTHESIS, tested in an EXPERIMENT, interpret their data.

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Francis Bacon

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An english statesman and writer, had a passionate interest in science. Believed that by understanding the world scientists would generate pratical knowledge that would improve people's lives. Helped to advance the scientific method. ESSAYIEST.

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Rene Descartes

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Took a keen interest in science. He developed analytical geometry, which linked algebra and geometry. Provided an important new tool for scientific research.
I THINK THEREFORE I AM.

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Isaac Newton

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GRAVITY
Father of physics.
Wrote, The Mathematical Priniciples of Narutal Philosophy.

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Law of universal gravitation

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Everything had gravitational pull.

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Anton von Leeuwenhoek

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MICROSCOPE.
A dutch drapery merchant.
Used a microscope to observe bacteria swimming in toot scrapings. Also examined RED BLOOD CELLS for the 1st time.

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Evangelista Torricelli

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One of Galileo's students. He developed the 1st MERCURY BAROMETER, a tool for measuring atmospheric pressure and predicting weather.

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Gabriel Fahrenheit

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German physicist. Made the 1st thermometer to use MERCURY in glass.
Showed water freezing at 32)

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Anders Celsius

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A Swedish astronomer. Created another scale for the mercury thermometer in 1742.
Showed water freezing at 0

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Galen

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ROMAN PHYSICIAN.
Studied anatomy of pigs and other animals.
Ethnically Greek.

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Andreas Vesalius

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FATHER OF ANATOMY.
Dissected human corpses & published his observations. Wrote "On the Structure of the Human Body"

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Edward Jenwer

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PREVENT SMALLPOX.
Made 1st vaccine.

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Robert Boyle

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Founder of Modern chemistry.
Wrote THE SCEPTICAL CHYMIST.
His law explains how the volume, temp, and pressure of gas affect ea. other.

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Enlightment

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AGE OF REASON.
Great change to many aspects of western civilization.
Started by T.Hobbes & J. Locke

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Thomas Hobbes

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Wrote the Leviathan. (Believed in absolute monarch)

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Leviathan

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Sea monster, capable of consuming anything in its path.

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Social Contract

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Choose to give up certain rights to get protection from the govt.

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John Locke

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Philosopher. All ppl are born free.
Life, Liberty, & Property.

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Two Treatises on Government

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Written by Locke.
Must be agreed to by both side.

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Natural Rights

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Life, Liberty, & Property. The purpose of the govt is to protect these rights.

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Philosophes

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Social critics of France. Believed that ppl could apply reason to all aspects of life.
REASON, NATURE, HAPPINESS, PROGRESS, & LIBERTY.

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Five core beliefs of the Philosophes

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Reason,Nature,Happiness,Progress,Liberty

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Reason

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5 core beliefs; Truth could be discovered through logical thinking.

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Nature

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5 core beliefs; what was natural was also good.

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Happiness

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5 core beliefs; rejected the medival notion that ppl should fin joy in the here after and urged ppl to seek well being on earth.

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Progress

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5 core beliefs; stressed that society and humankind could improve.

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Liberty

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5 core beliefs; called for the liberties that the english had won in their Glorious Revolution and the Bill of Right.

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Voltaire

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Was his pen name.
Wrote CANDIDE.
Most important Philosophe.
Published more then 70 books.

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Montesquieu

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Believed Britain was the best governed.
Wrote ON THE SPIRIT OF LAWS

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On the Spirit of Laws

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Written by Montesquieu.
Checks and balances.
Proposed separation of power.

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Rousseau

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DIRECT DEMOCRACY was best.

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The Social Contract

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Rousseau's book.

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Beccaria

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Reformed criminal justice.
Speedy trail and no torture.

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Mary Astell

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Wrote A SERIOUS PROPOSAL TO THE LADIES.
Unequal men and women

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Mary Wollstonecraft

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Published an essay called A VINDICATION OF THE RIGHTS OF WOMAN.

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Salons

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Large drawing rooms where hostesses held regular social gatherings.

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Denis Diderot

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ENCYCLOPEDIA
Created a large set of books to which many leading scholars of Europe contributed articles and essays.

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Baroque

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Less focus on religion.
New form of art.

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Neoclassical

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The artistic style of the late 1700s.

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Enlightenment Despots

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Reflected the Enlightenment spirit. Supported the philosophes.
FREDERICK THE GREAT.

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Catherine the Great

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Warm water ports