Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
superficial sensory information includes?
|
touch, pain and temperature
|
|
|
Touch sensation includes?
|
superficial pressure and vibration
|
|
|
Sensory information from the musculoskeletal system includes?
|
proprioception and pain
|
|
|
What determines how quickly the information is processed from the periphery to the spinal cord?
|
diameter of the axon (larger is faster), myelination and how many synapses occur during the pathway
|
|
|
What is perception?
|
The inerpretation of sensation into meaningful forms, which occurs in the CEREBRUM
|
|
|
What are the three somatosensory receptors?
|
mechanical, chemical and thermoreceptors
|
|
|
What do mechanical receptors detect?
|
they respond to mechanical deformation of the receptor by touch, pressure, stretch or vibration
|
|
|
What do chemoreceptors detect?
|
respond to substances released by cells, including damaged cells following injury or infection
|
|
|
What do thermoreceptors detect?
|
Respond to heating or cooling
|
|
|
What are tonic receptors?
|
Receptors that respond as long as a stimulus is maintained
|
|
|
What are phasic receptors?
|
Receptors that adapt to a constant stimulus and stop responding
|
|
|
How are peripheral axons classified and list them in declining order?
|
They are classified according to the axon diameter.
Ia,Ib, II or AB, A delta, C |
|
|
What is the receptive field?
|
the area of skin innervated by a single afferent neuron (example with a caliper point touching the skin would be perceived as one point because of the same receptive field)
|
|
|
Are receptive fields smaller distally or proximally?
|
smaller distally and larger proximally
|
|
|
true or false
touch information is categorized as fine touch or coarse touch? |
true
|
|
|
the SUPERFICIAL fine touch receptors have what kind of receptive fields?
|
small to allow resolution of closely spaced stimuli
|
|
|
What are some superficial fine touch receptors?
|
Meissner corpuscles (sensitive to light touch and vibration) and Merkel disks (sensitive to pressure)
|
|
|
Hair follicles have a small or large receptor field?
|
small
|
|
|
Subcutaneous fine touch receptors have a small or large receptive field?
|
large
|
|
|
What are the two subcutaneous fine touch receptors?
|
pacinian corpuslces (responsive to touch and vibration) and ruffini's corpuscles (sensitive to stretch of the skin)
|
|
|
All of the fine touch receptors transmit information on what type of axon?
|
A beta afferents
|
|
|
Coarse touch is mediated by?
a. meissner corpuscles b. fine touch receptors c. free nerve endings d. a delta axons |
C. free nerve endings
|
|
|
Are nociceptors free nerve endings?
|
Yes, they provide information perceived as pain
|
|
|
What are thermal receptors?
|
They are free nerve endings taht respond to either warmth or cold within the temperature range that does not damage tissue
|
|
|
Information from free nerve endings are conveyed by what axons?
|
a beta and c afferents
|
|
|
What does the muscle spindle consist of?
|
muscle fibers, sensory endings and motor endings
|
|
|
The sensory endings of a muscle spindle respond to what?
|
stretch, the change in muscle length and teh velocity of length change
|
|
|
Quick and tonic stretch is monitored in a muscle spindle by what axons?
|
Ia afferents
|
|
|
Tonic stretch of a muscle is monitored by what axon?
|
type II afferents
|
|
|
What are the specialized muscle fibers inside the spindle?
|
intrafusal fibers
|
|
|
What are the muscle fibers on the outside of the spindle called?
|
the extrafusal fibers
|
|
|
True or false
Intrafusal fibers are non-contractile? |
False
According to the book intrafusal fibers are only contractile at their ends, the central region cannot contract though |
|
|
what are the two types of intrafusal fibers?
|
nuclear bag fibers and nuclear chain fibers
|
|
|
what are the two types of sensory endings that monitor muscle length of the spindle?
|
primary endings (type Ia that wraps around the central regions of the intrafusal fibers) and secondary endings (type II afferents that end mainly on nuclear chain fibers adjacent to the primary endings)
|
|
|
What are the nicknames for the two different sensory endings of a muscle spindle?
|
primary - annulospiral
secondary - flower spray |
|
|
What is happening when a tendon is tapped with a reflex hammer within the muscle spindle?
|
The discharge of the primary ending is phasic and is maximal when the tendon is tapped with the hammer, but due to phasic properties reacts to maximal and then fades quickly
|
|
|
Do primary sensory endings respond tonically and phasically?
|
Yes
|
|
|
Do secondary sensory endings respond tonically and phasically?
|
No, just tonically
|
|
|
What maintains sensitivity of the spindle throughout the normal range of muscle length
|
gamma motor neuron
|
|
|
Gamma efferent control is by?
|
gamma dynamic axons and gamma static axons
|
|
|
Tension in tendons is relayed from what?
|
golgi tendon organs
|
|
|
Where are golgi tendon organs located?
|
woven among the collagen strans of the tendon near the musculotendinous junction
|
|
|
True or false? Golgi tendon organs (GTO) respond to tension exerted by active contraction and passive stretch of the muscle?
|
true
|
|
|
Information is transmitted from golgi tendon organs into the spinal cord by what type of axon?
|
type Ib afferents
|
|
|
What are the three types of pathways that bring sensory information into the brain?
|
conscious relay pathways, divergent pathways and unconscious relay pathways
|
|
|
What is the distinguishing factor between different types of pathways?
|
the fidelity of informatio conveyed
|
|
|
What does high fidelity mean?
|
Signals with high fidelity provide accurate details regarding the location of the stimulation
|
|
|
The ability to identify the location of stimulation is achieved by the anatomical arrangement of ________ in the pathways
|
axons
|
|
|
what does somatotopic mean?
|
refers to information aranged similary to the anatomical organization of the body. For example, axons carrying information from the thumb are near the axons carrying information from the index finger, not the foot
|
|
|
Conscious relay pathways bring information about what to the cerebral cortex?
|
location and type of stimulation
|
|
|
Discriminative touch and proprioceptive information ascends ipsilaterally or contralaterally in the posterior spinal cord?
|
ipsilaterally
|
|
|
Discriminative pain and temperature information crosses the midline when?
|
soon after entering the cord
|
|
|
what are four types of somatosensation that reach conscious awareness?
|
touch, proprioception, pain and temperature
|
|
|
The pathways to consciousness travel upward in the spinal cord via two routes, what are these two routes?
|
dorsal columns and anterolateral tracts
|
|
|
the dorsal columns carries what kind of information?
|
discriminative touch and proprioception
|
|
|
the anterolateral tract carries what kind of information?
|
discriminative pain and temperature information
|
|
|
to be aware of sensory information, the information must reach what area in the brain?
|
the thalamus
|
|
|
what is stereognosis?
|
ability to use touch and proprioceptive information to identify an object; such as identifying a key without vision
|
|
|
Axons from the lower limb occupy the more _________ section of the dorsal column and it is called?
|
medial, fascibulus gracilis
|
|
|
Axons from the upper limb occupy the more _________ section of the dorsal column and it is called?
|
lateral, fasciculus cuneatus
|
|
|
What does the VPL stand for in the thalamus?
|
Ventral posterolateral nucleus
|
