Chapter 6: Race And Racism

Front 1

Race

Back 1

a flawed system of classification

with no biological basis

that uses certain physical characteristics to divide the human population into supposedly discrete groups

Front 2

Racism

Back 2

individual thoughts and actions and institutional patterns and policies that create unequal access to power, resources, and opportunities

based on imagined differences among groups

Front 3

Genotype

Back 3

the inherited genetic factors

that provide the framework for an organism’s physical form

Front 4

Phenotype

Back 4

the way genes are expressed in an organism’s physical form (both visible and invisible)

as a result of genotype interaction with environmental factors (i.e. nutrition, disease and stress)

We often assume we can know something significant about a person’s genetic makeup by looking at her phenotype.

Front 5

Colonialism

Back 5

the practice by which a nation-state extends political, economic, and military power beyond its own borders over an extended period of time

in order to secure access to raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in other countries or regions

Front 6

Miscegenation

Back 6

a demeaning historical term for interracial marriage

Front 7

The Portuguese colonial government

1. promoted what?

2. Did not ban ____?

Back 7

1. Assimilation

2. interracial marriage

Front 8

White Supremacy

Back 8

the belief that whites are biologically different and superior to people of other races

Front 9

Whiteness

Back 9

a culturally constructed concept

originating in 1691 Virginia

designated to establish clear boundaries of who is white and who is not

a process central to the formation of U.S. racial stratification.

Front 10

Jim Crow

Back 10

laws implemented after the U.S. Civil War

to legally enforce segregation, particularly in the South

after the end of slavery

Front 11

Hypodescent

Back 11

the “one drop of blood rule”

In the US, meant that having even one black ancestor out of many could mark an individual as black

The assignment of children of racially “mixed” unions to the subordinate group.

Front 12

Nativism

Back 12

favoring certain long-term inhabitants over new immigrants

Front 13

Eugenics

Back 13

a pseudoscience attempting to scientifically prove the existence of separate human races to improve the population’s genetic composition by favoring some races over others

Front 14

Racialization

Back 14

to categorize, differentiate, and attribute a particular racial character to a person or group of people

Example: the racialization of Middle Easterners in US culture after Sept. 11th

Front 15

Individual Racism

Back 15

personal prejudiced beliefs and discriminatory actions based on race

Front 16

Being prejudiced involves?

Back 16

making negative assumptions about a person’s abilities or intentions based on the person’s perceived race

Front 17

Discriminating involves?

Back 17

taking negative actions toward a person because of perceived race.

Front 18

Examples of how individual racism is expressed include? (4)

Back 18

1. lack of respect

2. suspicion

3. scapegoating

4. violence - ranging from police brutality to hate crimes

Front 19

Individual, personally meditated acts of racism may be...?

Back 19

intentional or unintentional

acts of commission (things that are done) or acts of omission (things left undone)

Front 20

Institutional Racism

Back 20

patterns by which racial inequality is structured through key cultural institutions, policies, and systems

Also called structural racism

Include education, health, housing, employment, the legal system, law enforcement, and the media

Originates in historical events and legal sanctions

Front 21

Racial Ideology

Back 21

a set of popular ideas about race that allows the discriminatory behaviors of individuals and institutions to seem reasonable, rational, and normal

Front 22

Neil Smith said what…

Back 22

“There is no such thing as a natural disaster” – rather, what makes something a disaster depends on social factors.

Front 23

The difference between who lives and dies in natural events is determined by

Back 23

social inequality (racial hierarchies and income stratification).

Front 24

Modern global expressions of race & racism are deeply rooted in…?

Back 24

the systems of classification that western Europeans created as they expanded their colonial empires into Africa, Asia, the Pacific, and the Americas beginning in the 1400s

Front 25

The classification of people based on phenotype (particularly skin color) became the key framework for what?

Back 25

creating a hierarchy of races – with Europeans at the top – that linked people’s looks with assumptions about their intelligence, physical abilities and basic worth.

Front 26

This framework eventually was used to justify what 3 things?

Back 26

1. Colonial conquests

2. The trans-Atlantic slave trade

3. The eradication of indigenous populations in the Americas

Front 27

After WWII, colonial-era racisms shifted when national liberation movements began. A notable example is?

Back 27

the antiapartheid movement in South Africa resisted dominant white rule & legal structural discrimination

Front 28

The U.S. Census is taken how often since when?

Back 28

Taken every 10 years since 1790

Front 29

In 1850, the three census categories were?

Back 29

1. White

2. Black

3. Mulatto “mixed race”

Front 30

1870 Census expanded to five categories to incorporate who?

Back 30

incorporate new immigrants from China and to count the Native American population

Respondents didn’t identify their own race, census workers assigned them to a racial category based on their appearance

Front 31

1940: how many categories? Removed what option?

Back 31

8 categories

removed mixed race option and added more categories from Asia

Front 32

2010: how many separate race boxes?

Back 32

fourteen

Front 33

The Census construction shows what?

Back 33

how race is an evolving human construction