Chapter 6 Introduction To Multiagent Systems

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ontology

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A formal specification of some domain of interest.

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classes

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A class is a collection of things with similar properties.

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properties

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na

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subclass/superclass

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A basic relationship between classes in ontology frameworks: if A is a subclass of B, then A typically inherits all the properties of B.

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class subsumption

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If A is a subclass of B, we often say that B subsumes A.

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axioms

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The basic logical 'givens' in a logical theory.

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knowledge base

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An ontology together with some instances.

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controlled vocabulary

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A simple kind of informal ontology, in which certain terms are reserved for certain purposes.

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value restrictions

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In ontology languages, value restrictions place limits on the values that can be taken by attributes.

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upper ontology

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A very general high-level ontology - typically includes classes like 'Thing'.

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domain ontology

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An ontology relating specifically to an application domain.

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application ontology

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An ontology whose domain is a specific application area, rather than attempting to capture general knowledge about the environment.

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ad hoc ontologies

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An ontology constructed without a formal basis or semantics: often constructed using, for example, XML.

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XML

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The eXtensible Markup Language - a kind of cut down version of SGML, allowing web users to define new tags for their applications in a structured way.

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markup

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In SGML-related web standards (HTML, XML, ...), markup refers to the tags used to indicate how web content should be formatted.

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DTD

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Document Type Definition: in SGML and XML, the definition of a set of tags and document structure.

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SGML

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Standard Generalized Markup Language - an international standard for defining structured documents; HTML is defined using SGML, and XML can be thought of as a cut-down version of HTML.

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OWL Lite

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A comparatively weak fragment of the OWL ontology language.

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OWL DL

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A variant of the OWL ontology language, corresponding ti a particular fragment of description logic.

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OWL Full

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An expresive variant of the OWL ontology language.

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description logic

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A knowledge representation formalism underpinning ontology languages such as OWL.

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concrete/abstract syntax

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In ontology languages, the distinction between the actual language used to represent an ontology for processing by computer, and the language used to represent it typically for reading by people.

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inverse property

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na

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TBox

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In ontology systems, the TBox is the terminological box, typically defining the classes of the ontology and their relationships.

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ABox

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The 'assertion box' in a description logic system: think of it as a set of facts, as distinct from axioms.

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consistency checking

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na

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concept satisfiability

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In description logic, the problem of checking whether it is possible for a class/concept to have any instances.

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class subsumption

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na

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least common subsumer

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The most specific ancestor class in an ontology.

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instance classification

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In ontology systems, the idea of taking some entity, whose properties are partially known, and classifying this entity, e.g., identifying the most specific class to which this entity belongs.

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KIF

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The Knowledge Interchange Format - essentially, a standardized version of first-order logic, used for defining both ontologies and message content.

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RDF

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The Resource Definition Framework - a simple knowledge representation language intended for representing knowledge about web resources - based on semantic networks.

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RDF Triples

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The basic data structure in RDF, containing a subject, predicate, and object.

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resources

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na

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blank node

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In RDF, a blank node is a technical trick used to represent information that cannot be directly represented.

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namespace

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In ontology languages, the scope of a defined vocabulary.

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ontology reuse

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The idea of being able to reuse ontologies for multiple applications.

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top-down refinement

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A classic development methodology for software development, well suited to developing functional programs.

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bottom-up refinement

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na

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intrinsic properties

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Intrinsic properties are those that relate to the nature of an object - for example, they may be measurable properties such as weight, height, and so on

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extrinsic properties

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Extrinsic properties are abstract properties such as 'name', 'social security number' and so on, which are attached to an object. Typically, we would not be able to derive these properties simply by examining an object.