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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the first line of defense?
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Innate resistance
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What is the second line of defense?
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Inflammation?
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What is the third line of defense?
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Adaptive (acquired) Immunity
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What are cathelicidins?
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Antimicrobial peptides
Part of the first line of defense A biochemical barrier |
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What are defensins?
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Antimicrobial peptides
Part of the first line of defense A biochemical barrier |
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What are collectins?
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Antimicrobial peptides
Part of the first line of defense A biochemical barrier |
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Can ischemia cause inflammation response?
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Yes
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Can mechanical damage cause inflammation response?
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Yes
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What are local manifestations of inflammation?
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Swelling, heat, pain and red
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What is vascular response?
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Blood vessel dilation, increased vascular permeability and leakage. WBC adhere to innerwalls of vessels and migrate through the vessels.
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What are the 3 plasma protein systems?
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Complement system, Coagulation system, and kinin system
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Which plasma protein system can destroy pathogens directly?
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complement system
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What are the 3 pathways of the complement system?
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Classic (antibody activation)
Lectin (bacterial carbohydrate) Alternative (Bacteria & fungal polysacharides) |
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Which plasma protein system activates or collaborates with every other component of the inflammatory response?
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Complement
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What are the two main pathways of the clotting system?
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Intrinsic and Extrinsic
Extrinsic is faster than intrinsic |
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Which clotting system is faster extrinsic or Intrinsic
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Extrinsic clotting system
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What is the clotting cascade pathway?
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Prothrombin gets activated to Thrombin
Fibrinogen gets activated to fibrin |
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Which plasma protein system activates and assists inflammatory cells?
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Kinin System
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What is the primary kinin?
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Bradykinin
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What does bradykinin do?
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Causes dialation of blood vessels, pain, smooth muscle contraction, vascular permeabiluty and leukocyte chemotaxis
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Are pattern recongition receptors specific or non specific?
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Non-specific
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What are the cellular components of Inflammation?
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Granulocytes, platelets, monocytes and lymphocytes
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What are mast cells?
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Cellular bags of granules located in the lose connective tissues close to blood vessels
(are activated by anything that will cause an immune response such as physical injury, chemical agents) |
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What is Histamine?
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Causes constriction of the large blood vessels and dilation of the post capillary venules
(increases diapedesis and edema) |
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On Histamine:
H1 receptors are_______? H2 receptors are_______? |
H1 receptors are proinflammatory (in the bronchi)
H2 receptors are anti-inflammatory (stomach) |
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During Mast Cell Recruitement, which would induce a quicker response Synthesis or degruanulation?
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degranulation
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A mast cell has 2 options for pathways. What are they?
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-Degranulation (Histamine, neutrophil and eosinophil chemotaxins)
or - Synthesis (leukotriense, prostaglandins and platelet activating factor) |
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What is adherence of leukocytes to endothelial cells called?
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Margination
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What is the first phagocyte to arrive at the inflammatory site?
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Neutrophil
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When do macrophages typically arrive at the inflammatory site as a phagocyte?
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3 to 7 days after the neutrophils
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Which phagocyte results in increased size, plasma membrane area, # of lysosomes, etc, after activation?
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Macrophage
(developes from a monocyte!!) (monocyte is found in the bone marrow) |
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What is a eosinophil's main responsibility?
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Defend against parasites and regulation of vascular mediators
(mildly phagocytic) |
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Are Basophils phagocytic?
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No! (lymphocytes are not either!!)
(Neturophils, Eosinophils and Macrophages are phagocytic!) |
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What are cell signaling proteins called?
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Cytokines
(examples: Interleukins, Interferons, and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha) |
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Interleukins and Interferons are what kind of protein?
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Cytokines
(Tumor necrosis factor-alpha is the last example, a fever inducer!) |
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When are interferons produced?
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Produced and released by virally infected host cells.
(binds to the cell and induces synthesis of antiviral protein) |
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What does Tumor necrosis factor-alpha do?
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-Induces fever
-Increases synthesis of inflammatory serum proteins -Cause muscle wasting (cachexia) and intravascular thrombosis |
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What would a serous exudate look like?
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Watery, indicative of early inflammation
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What would a purulent exudate look like?
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Have puss, indicated a bacterial infection
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what is fever caused by?
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Pyrogens
(fever from pyrogens acting on hypothalmus) (leukocytosis - increasing the number of circulating leukocytes) (Increased plasma protein synthesis) |
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What are the "systemic" manifestations of inflammation?
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Fever (caused by pyrogens)
-leukocytosis - increasing the number of circulating leukocytes -Increased plasma protein synthesis |
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In chronic inflammation there will be lots of ______ and ________
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In chronic inflammation there will be lots of LYMPHOCYTES and MACROPHAGES
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What are lymphocytes?
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A form of leukocytes that divide into two types (NK cells or become T/B cells)
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Giant cell formation would be indicative of what kind of condition?
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Chronic inflammation. When the condition allows, these multinucleated macrophages are necessary against large particles
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What is resolution?
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Returning an injured tissue to orginal structure and function
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What is debridement?
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Cleaning up the dissolved clots, microorganisms, erthyrocytes and dead tissue cells
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What is epithelialzation?
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Sealing the wound
Shrinking the wound is called contraction |
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What are the phase of healing a wound?
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- Fibroblast proliferation
- Collagen synthesis - Epitheliaization (wound sealing) - Contraction (through myofibroblasts) - cellular differentiation - Maturation (remodeling) |
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What is primary intention referring to?
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Wound healing, secondary is more severe
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What is a contracture scar?
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Restriction that impairs passage
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What is dehiscence?
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When a wound/scar opens up again
(caused by obesity) |
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Why are neonates more prone to infection? (4 things)
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- transiently depressed inflammatory and immune function
- Neutrophils are not capable of efficient chemotaxis - They are complement deficient - Feficient in collectins and collectin-like proteins (antimicrobial peptide) |
