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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In what country did the development of early psychology primarily occur? |
Germany |
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Who was responsible for the beginning of American psychology, and why? |
William James, because he recognized the importance of the experimental/physiological psych from Germany |
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Who was William James? |
1) America's first "new" psychologist 2) Unanimously ranked #1 most eminent psychologist of the time by his peers 3) Hated psych 4) Produced no meaningful research |
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Who said "psychology is no science..., it is only the hope of science" |
William James |
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How did William James get introduced to "new" psychology? |
On one of his many trips to Europe, he met Helmhotz, who introduced him to Wundts' work |
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What philosophical idea drove William James into depression, and almost suicide? |
The idea of "free will" |
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Which French philosopher's writings enlightened William James, and why? |
Charles Renouvier thought of free will as the sustaining of a certain thought "because a person chooses to, even when they may have different thoughts" |
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By creating Harvards first psychology lab, James was able to do what? |
Drive the study of psychology away from "faculty psych", also known as Scottish Realism, and promote similar practices to those done in Germany |
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How did William James define Psychology? |
"the science of mental life, both its phenomina and their conditions" |
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What were the "phenomina" William James spoke of? |
Feelings, desires, cognitions, decisions, etc. |
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What were the "conditions" William James spoke of? |
The physiological processes that accompany phenomina, as well as the social and environmental circumstances in which they occur |
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What did William James believe to be the best means to study mental life? |
Introspective observation, which "must be relied upon firs, foremost, and always" |
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What are some of the issues with and introspective observation based approach to research? |
-It is open to bias, as one person's introspections cannot be studied by someone else. -It is not possible to experience a mental process and introspect it at the same time
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Why was William James' book viewed as more literature than science by Wundt? |
-James heavily relied on introspection, an unscientific method -Most of his research was not able to be tested by other psychologists, as it just came from his head |
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Why didn't William James like "new" (ie lab-based) psyc? |
He found it tedious and boring, and hated taking notes and breaking things down into their fundamental components |
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What modern term concerning consciousness did William James come up with? |
"Stream of consciousness", which opposed the idea that consciousness was not really a chain of interconnected units, but a stream of all related thoughts, and constantly changing |
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What was perhaps William James' greatest contribution to psyc? |
His work on consciousness |
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What 5 key points did W. James present about consciousness? |
-It is personal (eg. self-consciousness) -It is constantly changing -It is sensibly continuous -It is selective -It is an active (rather than passive) collection of associated elements |
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How did Darwinian thought influence W. James? |
James wanted to understand the function of consciousness, and understand how it helps us to adapt, survive, and thrive. |
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Consciousness enabled humans to make quick adaptations to new environments, by enabling us to do what? |
-learn new things that we can apply to future problems -Allows us to choose one action over another -Those who make the most functional decisions survive and thrive |
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Why did William James argue that good habits are important? |
Good habits allow us to do things automatically, so that we can focus our consciousness on other things |
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Which Dutch physiologist did William James borrow his theory on emotion from? |
Carl Lange |
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What extremely important argument concerning emotion and arousal did W. James make? |
Our bodily reactions to arousal, eg. fear, occur before we are aware of our emotions. example: our heart starts pounding before we feel scared |
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What key point concerning emotion did James make? |
We recognize different emotions because each one is associated with a unique bodily reaction |
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What is one flaw in the James-Lange emotion theory? |
Most strong emotions are accompanied by very similar physiological arousal patterns, so each emotion does not have its own individual physiological reaction |
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How did James believe people should deal with negative emotions? |
By forcing the bodily changes associated with positive emotions, people could promote positive emotions.
"fake it til you make it" idea |
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Who was most responsible for turning American psych into a scientific field, by founding labs and journals, and what major step did he take to institutionalize psychology's professional status? |
Granville Stanley Hall, created the APA |
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What psychological field was G.S. Hall a pioneer in? |
Child study, as well as the study of aging and adolescence |
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What was the common theme behind most of G.S. Hall's research? |
Evolution, and "genetic psychology" |
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What issues did GS Hall have with the school system? |
He thought memorization was not a good way to learn, and that children should be encouraged to participate in "active learning" |
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What was Hall's primary research method? |
Questionnaires |
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What idea concerning behaviour did Hall have that "raised eyebrows" of his peers? |
Sexual behaviour and expression should not be inhibited |
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What interests led Hall to become fascinated by Freud's work on psyche, and eventually led to Hall to inviting Freud to America? |
Hall's fascination with sexuality and abnormal behaviour |
