Chapter 6 Flash Cards

Front 1

Apoptosis

Back 1

Programmed cell death initiated by nuclear signals associated with age or other health-related variables of the cell; serves as a form of neuronal sculpting in the developing brain.

The death of cells that happens as a part of an organism's growth.

Front 2

Pluripotent

Back 2

The potential of a single stem cell to develop into many types of cells in the body.

One cell that has the ability to turn into many different cells.

Front 3

Stem cells

Back 3

Cells that, when nurtured in the appropriate chemical culture, have the ability to divide and develop into specialized cells for an indefinite time period.

Cells that when grown correctly can turn into multiple cells and grow into specialized cells.

Front 4

Ectoderm

Back 4

The outer layer of fertilized egg, or zygote, that eventually gives rise to the skin, nerve cells, and most of the neuroglia.

The outer most layer of a zygote that creates the skin.

Front 5

Mesoderm

Back 5

The middle layer of the fertilized egg, or zygote that eventually gives rise to many muscles, the skin, skeleton, and connective tissue.

Middle layer of the egg

Front 6

Endoderm

Back 6

The innermost layer of the fertilized egg, or zygote that eventually gives rise to the developing fetus's internal organs.

Innermost part of the zygote that helps develop the fetus' internal organs.

Front 7

Neural Plate

Back 7

A group of cells derived from the embryonic ectoderm that subsequently develop into the neural groove and neural tube, the origins of the mature nervous system.

Cells that are together and develop the beginnings of the mature nervous system.

Front 8

Neural groove

Back 8

The groove found between the neural folds in the developing embryo; once the neural folds join, the neural groove becomes the neural tube.

shallow groove between the folds within the developing embryo, as the embryo develops the folds join and the grooves become the tube.

Front 9

Neural folds

Back 9

A portion of the ectoderm of the embryo develops into folds that form around the neural tube; eventually, these folds will give rise to the entire nervous system.

Folds eventually create the entire nervous system.

Front 10

Neural tube

Back 10

An early form of the nervous system observed during prenatal development: the rostral section develops into the brain and the caudal section eventually develops into the spinal cord.

Helps to eventually create the spinal cord.

Front 11

Neural crest

Back 11

The tissue that starts to develop on each side of the neural tube that later becomes the peripheral nervous system

Front 12

Neuropores

Back 12

Openings at each end of the neural canal that eventually give rise to the brain and spinal cord.

Parts at the end of the neural canal that help the brain and the spinal cord develop.

Front 13

Neuropil

Back 13

The intricate network of interwoven glial and neuronal processes that lie between axons.

Group of glial and neuronal processes that are between the axons.

Front 14

Filopodia

Back 14

An extremely fine tube-shaped extension that emerges from the neuron's growth cone.

long, fine tube located in embryonic cells.

Front 15

Neurotrophins

Back 15

Neurochemicals secreted in an activity-dependent fashion that are thought to be involved in the restructuring of synaptic connections.

Help with the survival and development of neurons.

Front 16

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

Back 16

A stimulating factor localized in the CNS that promotes the growth and survival of neurons.

located in the brain and the periphery that helps with the growth and survival of neurons.

Front 17

Neurogenesis

Back 17

Mitotic division of cells to produce new neuronal cells.

The growth and development of nervous tissue.

Front 18

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Back 18

A condition observed in children and adults characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

A disorder that is typically seen in children and carries into adulthood that is seen by being hyper and having trouble paying attention.

Front 19

Stereological analysis

Back 19

Unbiased optical method of counting cells by randomly sampling various areas and depths within neural tissue.

Counting cells and sampling them within neural tissue.

Front 20

Testosterone

Back 20

A steroid hormone produced by the testes that is important in the differentiation of the male brain and body.

steroid hormone that is involved in development of male sexual characteristics

Front 21

Blastocyst

Back 21

The 150-cell preimplantation embryo comprising an outer layer, a fluid-filled cavity, and a cluster of interior cells.

structure in early embryonic development that contains a lot of cells.

Front 22

Embryonic stem cells

Back 22

Undifferentiated cells derived from the embryo that have the potential to develop into a wide variety of cell types.

Stem cells in the inner mass cells of the embryo and they are able to develop into different types of cells.

Front 23

Neurodegenerative diseases

Back 23

Conditions that are sometimes inherited or acquired due to some sporadic condition that result in the progressive deterioration of some portion of the nervous system.

Conditions that affect the neurons of the brain and cause problems with the nervous system.

Front 24

Frontostriatal circuitry

Back 24

Neuroanatomical connections between the basal ganglia and frontal cortical areas that mediate many behavioral responses.

Neural pathways that connect frontal lobe parts with the basal ganglia and help with motor, cognitive and behavioral functions within the brain.

Front 25

Sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area

Back 25

Region of the anterior hypothalamic preoptic area that has a larger volume in male rats than in female rats.

Part of the hypothalamic preoptic area thatis bigger in male rats than in female rats.