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189 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
brachycephalic
dogs that have a short, wide head. Pugs and Pekingese
dolichocephalic
dogs that have narrow, long heads. Collies and greyhounds
mesocephalic
dogs that average width to their heads. Labrador retrievers
digestive system
body system that is a long, muscular tube that begins at the mouth and ends at the anus
GI alimentary
body system that is a long, muscular tube that begins at the mouth and ends at the anus
gastrointestinal
body system that is a long, muscular tube that begins at the mouth and ends at the anus
mouth
the beginning of a mechanical and chemical process of digestion
os
mouth
PO
per os (by mouth)
oral cavity
contain lips and cheeks, hard and soft palates, salivary glands, tongue, teeth and periodontium
stomato
mouth
gnatho
jaw
pro
over or elongated
brachy
short
labia
lips
cheilo
lips
buccal
directed toward the cheek
palate
roof of the mouth
hard palate
the bony rostral portion of the palate that is covered with specialized mucous membrane
soft palate
forms the flexible caudal portion of the palate
rugae
folds of specialized mucous membranes that can be found on the hard palate
tongue
movable muscular organ in the oral cavity used for tasting and processing food, grooming and articulating sound
papilla
elevations found on the dorsum of the tongue
frenulum
band of tissue underneath the tongue
glosso
tongue
lingual
tongue
dentition
teeth as a whole
deciduous
baby teeth
permanent
set of teeth designed to last the lifetime of an animal
retained deciduous
the deciduous tooth that has not been shed
incisor
front tooth used for cutting
canine
long, pointed bonelike tooth located between the incisors and premolars
premolar
cheek tooth found between the canine teeth and molars
molar
most caudally located permanent cheek tooth used for grinding
cat dental formulae
2(I 3/3, C 1/1, P3/2, M 1/1)
dog dental formulae
2(I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/3)
enamel
hard white substance covering the dentin of the crown of the tooth
cementum
bonelike connective tissue that covers the root of the tooth
pulp
consists of nerves, blood vessels, and loose connective tissue
apical foramen
the hole at the tip of the root where nerves and blood vessels enter the tooth
peridontal
the structures that support the teeth
alveolus
sockets or saclike dilations
gingival
mucous membrane that surrounds the teeth and forms the mouth lining
gingival sulcus
between the tooth and gingival margin
cheek teeth
premolars and molars
needle teeth
deciduous canines and thrid incisor of pigs
wolf teeth
rudimentary premolar 1 in horses
milk teeth
first set of teeth
tusks
permanent canine teeth of pigs
carnassial tooth
large, shearing cheek tooth; upper P4 and lower M1 in dogs; upper P3 and lower M1 in cats
fighting teeth
set of six teeth in llamas that include upper vestigial incisors and upper and lower canines on each side
salivary glands
group of cells located in the oral vavity that secrete a clear substance containing digestive enzymes (saliva)
saliva
moistens food, begins the digestive process by aiding in bolus formation and some digestive enzyme activity, and cleanses the mouth
sialo
saliva
hypsodont
animals with continuously erupting teeth
brachydont
animals with permanently rooted teeth
pharynx
the cavity in the caudal oral vavity that joins the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems
esophagus
a collapsible, muscular tube that leads from the oral cavity to the stomach
sphincter
the opening that constricts between the esophagus and stomach
mastication
chewing
ingesta
material taken in orally
hypersalivation
excessive production of saliva
ptyalism
hypersalivation
deglutition
the process of swallowing
sialo
saliva
stomach
the remaining organ of digestion after the esophagus. Located in the abdominal cavity
abdomen
the cavity located between the diaphragm and pelvis
lapar
abdomen
peritoneum
the membrane lining that covers the abdominal and pelvic cavities
omentum
apron. fold of peritoneum that connects the stomach to other organs
monogastric
simple stomach
cardia
entrance are located nearest the esophagus
fundus
base of an orga, which is the cranial, rounded part
body
main portion of an organ, which is the rounded base or bottom
antrum
caudal part, which is the constricted part of the stomach that joins the pylorus
pylorus
narrow passage between the stomach and duodenum
rugae
folds present in the mucosa of the stomach
ruminants
animals that regurgitate their food
remasticate
re chew
rumen flora
normal microorganisms that reside in the gastrointestinal tract
reticulum
most cranial compartment of the ruminant stomach
rumen
largest compartment of the ruminant stomach that serves as a fermentation vat
omasum
third compartment of the ruminant stomach
abomasum
fourth compartment of the ruminant stomach
small intestine
extends from the pylorus to the proximal part of the large intestine
mesentery
a fold of the peritoneum that attaches the dorsal abdominal wall to the small intestine
entero
small intestine
duodenum
proximal or first portion of the small intestine
jejunum
middle portion of the small intestine
ileum
distal or last part of the the small intestine
aboral
distal portion of the ileum
chyle
milky fluid in the small intestine
rumination
the process of bringing up food
regurgitation
the animal takes a deep breath; the thoracic cavity enlarges; intrapleural pressure decreases; the cardia opens and because of the low pressure in the esophagus, the rumen content is aspirated into the esophagus. Reverse peristalsis occurs, and the food bolus quickly enters the mouth
remastication
liquid is squeezed out of bolus, and the liquid is reswallowed. Remastication and resalivation occur together and the animal may chew its cud 100 or more times before swallowing.
resalivation
liquid is squeezed out of bolus, and the liquid is reswallowed. Remastication and resalivation occur together and the animal may chew its cud 100 or more times before swallowing.
redeglutition
the bolus is reswallowed and the next rumination cycle begins. Rumination usually occurs when the animal is quiet. The time spent ruminating each day varies with species and diet. Smaller particles (such as ground feed) take less rumination time.
herbivore
an animal that is able to sustain life by eating plants
omnivore
an animal that sustains life by eating plant and animal tissue
carnivore
an animal that is able to sustain life by eating only animal tissue. A carnivore may eat a plant but that does not make an omnivore. A cat is a carnivore, but cats may occasionally eat grass. This does not make them omnivores.
large intestine
extends from the ileum to the anus
cecum
pouch of large intestine
colon
in between the cecum and the rectum
rectum
caudal portion of the large intestine
anus
caudal opening
haustra
sacculations
teniae
bands of smooth muscle in the cecal wall
procto
the anus and rectum collectively
anal sacs
pouches at 8 & 4
liver
located caudal to the diaphragm, removes excess glucose
hepato
liver
bile
produced by the liver
biliary
pertaining to bile
gallbladder
sac embedded in the liver that stores bile for later use
cholo
gallbladder
cholecystic
pertaining to the gallbladder
pancreas
elongated gland located near the cranial portion of the duodenum
trypsin
enzyme that digests protein
amylase
enzyme that digests starch
lipase
enzyme that digests fat
digestion
process of breaking down foods into nutrients that the body can use
enzymes
substances that chemically change another substance
catabolism
breaking down of body cells and substances
anabolism
building up of body cells and substances
absorption
the process of taking digested nutrients into the circulatory system
villus
a single hairlike projection in the small intestine
villi
hairlike projection in the small intestine
prehension
grasping of food involves collecting food in the oral vavity
mastication
breaks food into smaller pieces and mixes the ingesta with saliva
deglutition
moves chewed ingesta into the pharynx and into the esophagus
peristalsis
the series of wavelike contraction of smooth muscle. food moves down the esophagus by gravity and peristalsis
chyme
chewed up food bits
defecation
emptying of bowels
aerophagia
swallowing of air
anal sacculitis
inflammation of the pouches located around the anus
inspissation
the process of rendering dry or thick by evaporation and is used to descibe the anal sac fluid in animals with anal sacculitis
anorexia
lack or loss of appetite
ascites
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
bloat
accumulation of gas in the digestive tract
borborygmus
gas movement in the gastrointestinal tract that produces a rumbling noise
bruxism
involuntary grinding of the teeth
cachexia
general ill health and malnutrition
colic
severe abdominal pain
colitis
inflammation of the colon
constipation
condition of prolonged gastrointestinal transit time, making the stool hard, dry and difficult to pass
coprophagia
ingestion of fecal material
emesis
forcible expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth
enteritis
inflammation of the small intestine
eructation
belching or raising gas orally from the stomach
eviscerate
remove or expose internal organs
flatulence
excessive gas formation in the gastrointestinal tract
GDV
gastric dilatition volvulus
condition usually seen in deep chested canines in whech the stomach fills with air, expands and twist on itself
gastroenteritis
inflammation of the stomach and small intestine
glossitis
inflammation of the tongue
hyperglycemia
elevated blood sugar levels
hypoglycemia
lower than normal blood sugar levels
incontinence
inability to control
intussusception
telescoping of one part of the intestine into an adjacent part
icterus
jaundice
malocclusion
abnormal contact between the teeth
megaesophagus
abnormally large esophagus
melena
black stools containing digested bloodq
nausea
stomach upset or sensation of urge to vomit
pica
eating and licking abnormal substances or a depraved appetite
polydipsia
excessive thirst or drinking
polyuria
excessive urination
polyp
small growth on mucous membrane
prolapse
protrusion of vescera
regurgitation
return of swallowed food into the oral cavity; a passive event compared with the froce invoved with vomiting
scours
diarrhea in livestock
stenosis
narrowing of an opening
stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth
tenesmus
painful, ineffective defecation
ulcer
erosion of tissue
volvulus
twisting on itself; twist around long axis of mesentery
torsion
axial twist; twist around the long axis of gut
abdominocentesis
surgical puncture to remove fluid from the abdomen
anastomosis
surgical connection between two tubular or hollow structures
drench
to give medication in liquid form by mouth and forcing the animal to drink
emetic
producing vomiting
extraction
removal
fistula
abnormal passage from an internal organ to the body surface or between two internal organs
float
instrument used to file or rasp an equines premolar or molar teeth
gastropexy
surgical fixation of the stomach to the abdominal wall
gavage
forced feeding or irrigation through a tube passed into the stomach
laparotomy
surgical incision into the abdomen
nasogastric intubation
placement of a tube through the nose into the stomach
orogastric intubation
passage of a tube from the mout to the stomach
trocarization
insertion of a pointed instrument into a body cavity or an organ