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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a hallmark of life in regards to energy?
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The transformation of energy is.
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What are the two main types of energy?
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Kinetic and poatiential energy are.
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What is metabolism defined as?
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The sum total of te chemical reactions occuring continuosly in any linving organism.
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What are the two types of of metabolism activites?
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Anabolic and Catabolic.
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What is a metabolism anabolic reaction do?
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It builds complex molecules from simple substances using energy
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What is a metabolismic catabolic reaction fo?
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It is a reaction that breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones.
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What is the first law of thermodynamics state?
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Energy is neither created nor destroyed?
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What is the second law of thermodynamic state?
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Energy is never utilized perfectly. Not all enerfy can be converted into work. Some enerfy is lost and associated with disorder.
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What is the name associated with total energy? What is the letter assoicated with this?
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Enthalpy. H.
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What does free energy mean? What is the letter associated with this?
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Free energy is usuable energy. G is associated with this.
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What is the technical name for Unusable Energy? What is the symbol for it?
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It is Entropy and it's S
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What is the name for total energy? What is the symbol associated with Total Energy?
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Enthalpy and it is H
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What is energy measured in?
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Joules is the measurement.
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What happens when the change in usable energy is a negative?
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Free Energy i s released.
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What happens when the change in usable energy is a positive number?
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Free Energy is consumed.
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What is an anabolic reaction do?
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These reactions make single products from many smaller units.
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What is it called when reactions consume free energy?
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The endergonic reaction.
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What does a catabolic reaction do?
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These reactions reduce an organized substance into smaller, more randomly distributed substances.
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What is it called when a catabolic reaction occurs.
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A Exergonic reaction.
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When does chemical equalibrium occur?
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When the change is G = 0. When usable energy = 0.
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What is ATP stand for?
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Adenosine triphosphate.
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What is adenosine triphosphate used for?
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It is used by all living cells for capture, transfer and storage of energy. It captures and transfers free energy.
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What happens to ATP when hydrolysis happens?
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ATP turns into ADP.
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What do catalyst do?
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They speed up the rate of a reaction.
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What are substrates?
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They are reactant molecules that are bound together by enzymes.
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What do the substrates bind to in regards to enzymes?
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The active site is what is bound to and where catalysis takes place.
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What produces the enzyme-substrate complex?
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Binding a substrate to the active site produces this.
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What three things make up a enyzyme-substrate complex?
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1) Hydrogen Bonding, ionic attraction, or covalent bonding hold these together
2) It generates the product of free enzyme 3) The free enzyme is in the same checmical form at the end of the reactions as at the beginning. |
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What happens in acid-base catalysis?
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The side chains of amino acids form the active site and transfer H to or from the substrate, destabilizing a covalent bond in the substrate.
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What happens in covalent catalysis?
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A functional group side chain forms a temporary covalent bond with the substrate.
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what happens in metal ion catalysis?
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Metal ions gain or lose electrons without detaching from the protein, making them important participants in oxidation-reduction reactions.
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What is an iduced fit?
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It is the change in an enzyme shaped caused by substrate binding.
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What does the enzyme partner group Prosthetic do?
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They are permately bound to the enzyme which are inron-containing organic molecules. They help the enzyme function.
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What does the enzyme partner group "Cofactors" do?
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They are the inorgainc ions in metal ion catalysis that bind temporarily to certain enzymes.
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What does the enzyme partner group "Coenzymes" do?
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They are carbon-containing molecules required for the action of one or more enzymes.
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How are enzymes regulated?
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By inhibitors.
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When does irreversible inhibition occur?
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When the inbitor destroys the enzyme's ability to interact with it's normal substrates.
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What happens in a noncompetitive inhibitor?
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It's when a inhibitor binds reversibly to a site away from the active site.
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How do noncompetitive inhibitors work?
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By changing the shape of the enzymes in such a way that the active site no longer binds the substrate.
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What is allostery?
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It is the change in enzyme shape due to noncompetitive inhibitor binding.
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What two forms do allostery enzymes come in?
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In active and non active forms.
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In an allosteric enzyme active state, what happens?
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The active sites on the catalytic subunits can bind substrate.
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In an allosteric enzyme inactive state, what happens?
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The allosteric sites on the regulatory subunits can accept the inhibitor.
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What are most allosterically regulated enzymes?
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They are proteins with quaternary structure, that is, they are made up of multiple polypeptide subunits.
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What is the commitment step of allosteric effects on metabolism?
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It is the setp that allows other enyzme-catalyzed reactions to follow until the product of the series builds up.
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What is the feedback inhibition step of allosteric effects on metabolism?
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It's when the control of the whole pathway by having the end-poroduct inhibit the first step in the pathway, the commitment step.
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