Chapter 6

Front 1

The Battles of Trenton and Princeton

Back 1

In the Battle of Trenton (December 26), Washington defeated aformidable garrison of Hessian mercenaries before withdrawing. A weeklater he returned to Trenton to lure British forces south, thenexecuted a daring night march to capture Princeton on January 3. Thevictories reasserted American control of much of New Jersey andgreatly improved the morale and unity of the colonial army andmilitias.

Front 2

The Battle of Saratoga

Back 2

A turning point in the American Revolution. The American victoryin this battle convinced France that Americans could win the war, andit allied itself with the Americans.

Front 3

The Battle of Charleston

Back 3

major battles which took place towards the end of the AmericanRevolutionary War, it was the biggest loss of troops suffered to therevolutionary army.

Front 4

The Battle of Camden

Back 4

The Battle of Camden in South Carolina was a lopsided victory forthe British during the American Revolutionary War. Men had dysentery.Gates was removed from command after this battle and replaced byNathaniel Greene

Front 5

Horatio Gates

Back 5

retired British soldier who served as an American general duringthe Revolutionary War.

Front 6

Nathanael Greene

Back 6

was a major general of the Continental Army in the AmericanRevolutionary War, known for his successful command in the SouthernCampaign, forcing British Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis toabandon the Carolina's and head for Virginia

Front 7

The Battle of Yorktown

Back 7

The battle in Virginia where Lord Cornwallis surrendered to GeorgeWashington.

Front 8

The Treaty of Paris 1783

Back 8

A treaty signed in 1783 when the British recognized Americanindependence and agreed to withdraw all royal troops from thecolonies.

Front 9

The Articles of Confederation

Back 9

Government that focused more on states' rights. It reserved toeach state “its sovereignty, freedom and independence.”

Front 10

The Ordinance of 1785

Back 10

Established uniform procedures for surveying land north of theOhio River. The law established a township six miles square as thebasic unit of settlement. Every township would be subdivided into 36sections of 640 acres each, one of which would be reserved as asource of income for schools. It imposed an arbitrary grid ofstraight lines and right angles across the landscape that conformedto European–American notions of private property while utterlyignoring the land's natural features.

Front 11

The Northwest Ordinance

Back 11

Defined the steps for the creation and admission of new states.It designated the area north of the Ohio River as the NorthwestTerritory and provided for its later division into states. Itforbade slavery while the region remained a territory, althoughcitizens could legalize the institution after statehood.

Front 12

Shay's Rebellion

Back 12

A group of small farmers protesting taxes and the use of specie,led by Daniel Shays, who shut down the courts in five counties inMassachusetts but were turned back by troops at the federal arsenalof Springfield in 1786-1787.

Front 13

The Constitutional Convention

Back 13

The gathering that drafted the Constitution of the United Statesin 1787; all states were invited to send delegates. The convention,meeting in Philadelphia, designed a government with separatelegislative, executive, and judicial branches.

Front 14

The New Jersey Plan

Back 14

A counter proposal to the Virginia Plan, it recommended asingle–chamber congress in which each state had an equal vote, justas the Articles.

Front 15

Virginia Plans

Back 15

Called for the establishment of a strong central government ratherthan a federation of states. It gave Congress virtually unrestrictedrights of legislation and taxation and power to veto any state law,and authority to use military force against the states. It specifieda bicameral legislature and fixed representation in both houses ofCongress proportionally to each state's population.

Front 16

Federalism

Back 16

Shared power and dual lawmaking by the national and stategovernments.

Front 17

Separation of powers

Back 17

Each branch of government has separate powers from one another.

Front 18

"The Federalist"

Back 18

A series of 85 newspaper essays penned by Alexander Hamilton,James Madison, and John Jay. It defended the rights of politicalminorities against majority tyranny, and it prevented a stubbornminority from blocking well–considered measures that the majoritybelieved necessary for the national interest.