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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Social deviance |
any transgression of socially established norms |
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Crime |
the violation of laws enacted by society |
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Social cohesion |
social bonds; how well people relate to each other and get along on a day-to-day basis |
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Mechanical/segmental solidarity |
social cohesion based on sameness |
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Organic solidarity |
social cohesion based on difference and interdependence of the parts |
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Social control |
mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals |
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Formal social sanctions |
mechanisms of social control by which rules or laws prohibit deviant criminal behavior |
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Informal social sanctions |
the usually unexpressed but widely known rules of group membership; the unspoken rules of social life |
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Social integration |
how well you are integrated into your social group or community |
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Social regulation |
the number of rules guiding your daily life and, more specifically, what you can reasonably expect from the world on a day-to-day basis |
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Egoistic suicide |
suicide that occurs when one is not well integrated into a social group |
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Altruistic suicide |
suicide that occurs when one experiences too much social integration |
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Anomie |
a sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable; too little social regulation; normlessness |
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Anomic suicide |
suicide that occurs as a result of insufficient social regulation |
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Fatalistic suicide |
suicide that occurs as a result of too much social regulation |
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Strain theory |
Robert Merton's theory that deviance occurs when a society does not give all of its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals |
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Conformist |
individual who accepts both the goals and strategies to achieve them that are considered socially acceptable |
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Ritualist |
individual who rejects socially defined goals but not the means |
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Innovator |
social deviant who accepts socially acceptable goals but rejects socially acceptable means to achieve them |
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Retreatist |
one who rejects both socially acceptable means and goals by completely retreating from, or not participating in, society |
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Rebel |
individual who rejects both traditional goals and traditional means and wants to alter or destroy the social institutions from which he or she is alienated |
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Labeling theory |
the belief that individuals subconsciously notice how others see or label them, and their reactions to those labels over time form the basis of their self identity |
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Primary deviance |
the first act of rule breaking that may incur a label of "deviant" and thus influence how people think about and act toward you |
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Secondary deviance |
subsequent acts of rule breaking that occur after primary deviance and as a result of your new deviant label and peoples expectations of you |
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Stigma |
a negative social label that not only changes others behavior toward a person but also alters that person's own self-concept and social identity |
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Broken windows theory of deviance |
theory explaining how social context and social cues impact whether individuals act deviantly; specifically, whether local, informal social norms allow deviant acts |
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Street crime |
crime committed in public and often associated with violence, gangs, and poverty |
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White-collar crime |
offense committed by a professional (or professionals) against a corporation, agency, or other institution |
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Corporate crime |
a particular type of white-collar crime committed by the officers (CEO's and other executives) of a corportation |
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Deterrence theory |
philosophy of criminal justice arising from the notion that crime results form a rational calculation of its costs and benefits |
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Recidivism |
when an individual who has been involved with the criminal justice system reverts to criminal behavior |
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Total institution |
an institution in which one is totally immersed and that controls all basics of day-to-day life; no barriers exist between the usual spheres of daily life, and all activity occurs in the same place and under the same single authority |
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Panopticon |
a circular building composed of an inner ring and outer ring designed to serve as a prison in which the guards , housed in the inner ring, can observe the prisoners without the detainees knowing whether they are being watched |
