Chapter 6

Front 1

ankyl/o

Back 1

crooked or stiff

Front 2

arthr/o
articul/o

Back 2

joint (articulation)

Front 3

brachi/o

Back 3

arm

Front 4

cervic/o

Back 4

neck

Front 5

chondr/o

Back 5

cartilage
(gristle)

Front 6

cost/o

Back 6

rib

Front 7

crani/o

Back 7

skull

Front 8

dactyl/o

Back 8

digit
(finger or toe)

Front 9

fasci/o

Back 9

fascia
(a band)

Front 10

femor/o

Back 10

femur

Front 11

fibr/o

Back 11

fiber

Front 12

kyph/o

Back 12

humpback

Front 13

lei/o

Back 13

smooth

Front 14

lord/o

Back 14

bent

Front 15

lumb/o

Back 15

loin
(lower back)

Front 16

myel/o

Back 16

bone marrow
spinal cord

Front 17

my/o
myos/o
muscul/o

Back 17

muscle

Front 18

oste/o

Back 18

bone

Front 19

patell/o

Back 19

knee cap

Front 20

pelv/i
pelv/o

Back 20

hip bone or pelvic cavity

Front 21

radi/o

Back 21

radius

Front 22

rhabd/o

Back 22

rod shaped
striated (skeletal)

Front 23

sarc/o

Back 23

flesh

Front 24

scoli/o

Back 24

twisted

Front 25

spondyl/o
vertebr/o

Back 25

vertebra

Front 26

stern/o

Back 26

sternum (breastbone)

Front 27

ten/o
tend/o
tendin/o

Back 27

tendon (to stretch)

Front 28

thorac/o

Back 28

chest

Front 29

ton/o

Back 29

tone or tension

Front 30

uln/o

Back 30

ulna

Front 31

appendicular skeleton

Back 31

bones of shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities

Front 32

axial skeleton

Back 32

bones of skull, vertebral column, chest and hyoid bone

Front 33

bone

Back 33

specialized connective tissue composed of osteocytes (bone cells) forming the skeleton

Front 34

compact bone

Back 34

tightly solid, strong bone tissue resistant to bending

Front 35

spongy (cancellous) bone

Back 35

mesh-like bone tissue containing marrow and fine branching canals through which blood vessels run

Front 36

long bones

Back 36

bones of arms and legs

Front 37

short bones

Back 37

bones of wrist and ankles

Front 38

flat bones

Back 38

bones of ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull

Front 39

irregular bones

Back 39

bones of vertebrae

Front 40

sesamoid bones

Back 40

round bones found near joints

Front 41

epiphysis

Back 41

wide ends of a long bone

Front 42

diaphysis

Back 42

shaft of a long bone

Front 43

metaphysis

Back 43

growth zone between epiphysis and diaphysis during development of a long bone

Front 44

endosteum

Back 44

membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone

Front 45

medullary cavity

Back 45

cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow

Front 46

bone marrow

Back 46

soft connective tissue within the medullary cavities of bones

Front 47

red bone marrow

Back 47

found in cavities of most bones in infants
functions in formation of red blood cells, some white blood cells, and platelets
in adults, found most often in the flat bones

Front 48

yellow bone marrow

Back 48

gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones, functions as storage for fat tissue, and is inactive in formation of blood cells

Front 49

periosteum

Back 49

a fibrous, vascular membrance that covers the bone

Front 50

articular cartilage

Back 50

a gristle-like substance found on bones where they articulate

Front 51

articulation

Back 51

a joint
the point where two bones come together

Front 52

bursa

Back 52

a fibrous sac between certain tendons and bones that in lines with a synovial membrance that secretes synovial fluid

Front 53

disk
disc

Back 53

a flat, plate-like structure composed of fibrocartilaginous tissue found between the vertebrae to reduce friction

Front 54

nucleus pulposus

Back 54

the soft, fibrocartilaginous, central portion of intervertebral disk

Front 55

ligament

Back 55

a flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone

Front 56

synovial membrane

Back 56

membrance lining the capsule of a joint

Front 57

synovial fluid

Back 57

lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane

Front 58

muscle

Back 58

tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body

Front 59

striated (skeletal) muscle

Back 59

voluntary striated muscle attached to the skeleton

Front 60

smooth muscle

Back 60

involuntary muscle found in internal organs

Front 61

cardiac muscle

Back 61

muscle of the heart

Front 62

origin of a muscle

Back 62

muscle end attached to the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts

Front 63

insertion of a muscle

Back 63

muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts

Front 64

tendon

Back 64

a band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone

Front 65

fascia

Back 65

a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle

Front 66

coronal (frontal) plane

Back 66

vertical division of the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions

Front 67

sagittal plane

Back 67

vertical division of the body into right and left portions

Front 68

transverse plane

Back 68

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

Front 69

anterior (A)
(ventral)

Back 69

front of the body

Front 70

posterior (P)
(dorsal)

Back 70

back of the body

Front 71

anterior-posterior (AP)

Back 71

from front to back; commonly associated with the direction of an x-ray beam

Front 72

posterior-anterior (PA)

Back 72

from back to front; commonly associated with the direction of an x-ray beam

Front 73

superior (cephalic)

Back 73

situated above another structure, toward the head

Front 74

inferior (caudal)

Back 74

situated below another structure, away from the head

Front 75

proximal

Back 75

toward the beginning or origin of a structure

Front 76

distal

Back 76

away from the beginning or origin of a structure

Front 77

medial

Back 77

toward the middle (midline)

Front 78

lateral

Back 78

toward the side

Front 79

axis

Back 79

line that runs through the center of the body or a body part

Front 80

erect

Back 80

normal standing position

Front 81

decubitus

Back 81

lying down, especially in bed

Front 82

prone

Back 82

lying face down and flat

Front 83

recumbent

Back 83

lying down

Front 84

supine

Back 84

horizontal recumbent; lying flat of the back

Front 85

flexion

Back 85

bending at the joint so that the angle between the bones is decreased

Front 86

extension

Back 86

straightening at the joint so that the angle between the bones is increased

Front 87

abduction

Back 87

movement away from the body

Front 88

adduction

Back 88

movement toward the body

Front 89

rotation

Back 89

circular movement around an axis

Front 90

eversion

Back 90

turning outward

Front 91

inversion

Back 91

turning inward

Front 92

supination

Back 92

turning upward or forward of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot)

Front 93

pronation

Back 93

turning downward or backward of the palmar surface or plantar surface

Front 94

dorsiflexion

Back 94

bending of the foot or the toes upward

Front 95

plantar flexion

Back 95

bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground

Front 96

range of motion (ROM)

Back 96

total motion possible in a joint

Front 97

goniometer

Back 97

instrument used to measure joint angles

Front 98

arthralgia

Back 98

joint pain

Front 99

atrophy

Back 99

shrinking of tissue such as muscle

Front 100

crepitation
crepitus

Back 100

grating sound made by movement of some joints or broken bones

Front 101

exostosis

Back 101

a projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage

Front 102

flaccid

Back 102

flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone

Front 103

hypertrophy

Back 103

increase in the size of tissue such as muscle

Front 104

hypotonia

Back 104

reduced muscle tone or tension

Front 105

myalgia
myodynia

Back 105

muscle pain

Front 106

ostealgia
osteodynia

Back 106

bone pain

Front 107

rigor
rigidity

Back 107

stiffness; stiff muscle

Front 108

spasm

Back 108

drawing in; involuntary contraction of muscle

Front 109

spastic

Back 109

uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles causing stiff and awkward movements

Front 110

tetany

Back 110

tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contractions

Front 111

tremor

Back 111

shaking, rhythmic muscular movement

Front 112

ankylosis

Back 112

stiff joint condition

Front 113

athritis

Back 113

inflammation of the joints characterized by pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and the limitation of motion

Front 114

osteosrthritis (OA)
degenerative arthritis
degenerative joint disease (DJD)

Back 114

most common form of srthritis that especially affects weight-bearing joints; erosion of articular cartilidged

Front 115

rhematoid arthritis (RA)

Back 115

most crippling form of arthritis characterized by a chronic, systemic inflammation most often affecting joints and synovial membranes causing ankylosis

Front 116

gouty arthritis

Back 116

acute attacks of arthritis usually in a single joint caused by hyperuricemia

Front 117

bony necrosis
sequestrum

Back 117

dead bone tissue from loss of blood supply such as can occur after a fracture

Front 118

bunion

Back 118

swelling of the joint at the base of the great toe cuased by inflammation of the bursa

Front 119

bursitis

Back 119

imflammation of a bursa

Front 120

carpal tunnel syndrome

Back 120

condition that results from compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel at the wrist, characterized by pain, numbness, and tingling in the wrist and fingers and weak grip

Front 121

chondromalacia

Back 121

softening of cartilage

Front 122

epiphysitis

Back 122

inflammation of epiphyseal regions of the long bone

Front 123

fracture

Back 123

a broken or cracked bone

Front 124

closed fracture

Back 124

a broken bone with no open wound

Front 125

open fracture

Back 125

compound fracture; a broken bone with an open wound

Front 126

simple fracture

Back 126

a nondisplaced fracture involving one fracture line that does not require extensive treatment to repair

Front 127

complex fracture

Back 127

a displaced fracture that requires manipulation or surgery to repair

Front 128

fracture line

Back 128

line made by broken bone

Front 129

comminuted fracture

Back 129

broken in many tiny pieces

Front 130

greenstick fracture

Back 130

bending and incomplete break of a bone
most often seen in children

Front 131

herniated disk (disc)

Back 131

protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus, protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root

Front 132

myeloma

Back 132

bone marrow tumor

Front 133

myositis

Back 133

inflammation of muscle

Front 134

myoma

Back 134

muscle tumor

Front 135

leiomyoma

Back 135

smooth muscle tumor

Front 136

leiomyosarcoma

Back 136

malignant smooth muscle tumor

Front 137

rhabdomyoma

Back 137

skeletal muscle tumor

Front 138

rhabdomyosarcoma

Back 138

malignant skeletal muscle tumor

Front 139

muscular dystrophy

Back 139

a category of genetically transmitted diseases characterized by progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles

Front 140

osteoma

Back 140

bone tumor

Front 141

osteosarcoma

Back 141

type of malignant bone tumor

Front 142

osteomalacia

Back 142

disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D defiency

Front 143

rickets

Back 143

osteomalacia in children

Front 144

osteomyelitis

Back 144

infection of bone and bone marrow causing inflammation

Front 145

osteoporosis

Back 145

condition of decreased bone density and increased porosity, causing bones to become brittle and liable to fracture

Front 146

kyphosis

Back 146

abnormal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine
humpback

Front 147

lordosis

Back 147

abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine
sway-back condition

Front 148

scoliosis

Back 148

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
S shaped

Front 149

spondylolisthesis

Back 149

forward slipping of a lumbar vertebra

Front 150

spondylosis

Back 150

stiff, immobile condition of vertebrae due to joint degeneration

Front 151

sprain

Back 151

injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but without joint dislocation

Front 152

subluxation

Back 152

a partial dislocation

Front 153

tendinitis
tendonitis

Back 153

imflammation of a tendon

Front 154

electromyogram (EMG)

Back 154

a neurodiagnostic graphic record of the electrical activity of muscle at rest and during contraction to diagnose neuromusculoskeletal disorders
by neurologist

Front 155

magnetic resonance imaging
MRI

Back 155

a nonionizing imaging technique using magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves
to visulaize anatomical structures-useful in orthopedics to detect joint, tendon, and vertebral disk disorders

Front 156

nuclear medicine
radionuclide organ imaging

Back 156

ionizing imaging technique using radioactive isotopes

Front 157

bone scan

Back 157

radionuclide image of bone tissue to detect tumor, malignancy, etc.

Front 158

radiography

Back 158

x-ray imaging; an ionizing technique commonly used in orthopedics to visualize the extrmities ribs, backs, shoulders, joints, etc.

Front 159

arthrogram

Back 159

an x-ray of a joint taken after injection of a contrast medium

Front 160

diskogram

Back 160

an x-ray of an intervertebral disk after injection of a contrast medium

Front 161

dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

Back 161

an x-ray scan that measures bone mineral density of the spine and extremities to diagnose osteoporosis, determine fracture risk, and monitor treatment

Front 162

computed tomography (CT)
computed axial tomography (CAT)

Back 162

a specialized x-ray procedure producing a series of cross-sectional images that are processed by a computer into a 2D or 3D image

Front 163

sonography

Back 163

ultrasound imaging; a nonionizing technique useful in orthopedics to visualize muscles, ligaments, displacements, and dislocations or to guide a therapeutic intervention such as that performed during arthroscopy

Front 164

amputation

Back 164

partial or complete removal of a limb

Front 165

arthrocentesis

Back 165

puncture for aspiration of a joint

Front 166

arthrodesis

Back 166

binding or fusing of joint surfaces

Front 167

arthroplasty

Back 167

repair or reconstruction of a joint

Front 168

arthroscopy

Back 168

procedure using an arthroscope to examine, diagnose, and repair a joint from within

Front 169

bone grafting

Back 169

transplantation of a piece of bone from one site to another to repair a skeletal defect

Front 170

bursectomy

Back 170

excision of a bursa

Front 171

myoplasty

Back 171

repair of muscle

Front 172

open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF) of a fracture

Back 172

internal surgical repair of a fracture by bringing bones back into alignment and fixing them into place, often utilizing plates, screws, pins,etc.

Front 173

osteoplasty

Back 173

repair of bone

Front 174

osteotomy

Back 174

an incision into bone

Front 175

spondylosyndesis

Back 175

spinal fusion

Front 176

tenotomy

Back 176

division by incision of a tendon to repair a deformity caused by shortening of a muscle

Front 177

closed reduction, external fixation of a fracture

Back 177

external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment along with application of an external device to portect and hold the bone in place while healing

Front 178

casting

Back 178

use of a stiff, solid dressing around a limb or other body part to immobilize it during healing

Front 179

splinting

Back 179

use of a rigid device to immobilize or restrain a broken bone or injured body part; provides less support than a cast, but can by adjusted easier to accommodate for swelling from an injury

Front 180

traction (Tx)

Back 180

application of a pulling force to a fractured bone or dislocated joint to maintain proper position during healing

Front 181

closed reduction, percutaneous fixation of a fracture

Back 181

external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment, followed by insertion of one or more pins through the skin to maintain position-often includes use of an external device called a fixator to keep the fracture immobilized during healing

Front 182

orthosis

Back 182

use of an orthpedic appliance to maintain a bone's position or provide limb support

Front 183

physical therapy (PT)

Back 183

treatment to rehabilitate patients disabled by illness or injury, involving many different modalities (methods), such as excercise, hydrotherapy, diathermy, and ultrasound

Front 184

prothesis

Back 184

an artificial replacement for a diseased or missing body part such as a hip, joint, or limb

Front 185

analgestic

Back 185

a drug that relieves pain

Front 186

narcotic

Back 186

a potent analgestic that has addictive properties

Front 187

anti-inflammatory

Back 187

a drug that reduces inflammation

Front 188

antipyretic

Back 188

a drug that relieves fever

Front 189

nonsteriodial anti-inflammatory

Back 189

a group of drugs with analgestic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties