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58 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
The transfer of heat by the direct interaction of molecules in a hot area with molecules in a cooler area
conduction
The worst heat conductor
Air
Characteristics of liquids
1. take the shape of their containers
2. are capable of flow.
3. are difficult to compress.
A good clinical example of using the principle of convection to transfer heat is
heating in infant incubators
Heat transfer requires no direct contact between the warmer and cooler substances
Radiation
What decreases a patient’s loss of body heat?
1. Increase the room temperature.
2. Move the patient away from cold windows.
evaporation
1. Cools the surrounding air.
2. changes from a liquid into a gas
3. Heat energy is needed.
condensation
Gas turns back into a liquid.
Gases
1. are easily compressible.
2. expand to fill their container.
3. are capable of flow.
4. molecular attractive forces are minimum.
Liquids
1. Exert Pressure.
2. Exert a buoyant pressure.
3. Take the shape the container.
4. Are hard to compress.
Formula for the pressure exerted by a liquid
liquid pressure = liquid density × liquid depth
Pascal’s principle
The pressure exerted by a liquid in a container depends on:
1. depth of the liquid
2. density of the liquid
The temperature at which condensation
Dew Point
Internal energy of a substance be increased by:
1. Heating the substance
2. By performing work on it.
The temperature that all kinetic activity of matter cease.
0°K
The internal force that opposes the flow of fluids
Viscosity
Characteristics of Viscosity
1. The greater the viscosity, the greater is the opposition to flow.
2. The stronger the cohesive forces, the greater the viscosity.
3. Fluid viscosity is equivalent to friction between solids.
Liquid that has the lowest surface tension
Alcohol
A liquid in a small tube tends to move upward against the force of gravity
capillary action
Heat transfer in both liquids(Fluids) and gases occurs mainly
Convection
Clinical examples of the principle of capillary action
1. Blood samples
2. absorbent humidifier wicks
3. certain surgical dressings
Temperature that vapor pressure of a liquid equals the pressure exerted on the liquid by the surrounding atmosphere
Boiling point
Characteristics of Boiling
1. A liquid’s boiling point varies with the atmospheric pressure
2. Boiling a liquid requires more energy than does evaporating it.
3. The greater the ambient pressure, the lower is the boiling point.
Can change into a gas at temperatures lower than its boiling point through a process called
evaporation
Characteristic of Water Vapor
1. Exerts pressure.
2. Exhibits kinetic activity.
When a gas holds all the water vapor molecules
Saturation
Methods to increase the rate of evaporation of a container of water
1. Increase the temperature of the surrounding air.
2. Decrease the pressure of the surrounding air.
3. Increase the temperature of the water.
The kinetic activity of water vapor molecules
Water vapor pressure
The term for the actual content or weight of water present in a given volume of air
Absolute humidity
The absolute humidity(water vapor content) of saturated gas at normal body temperature (37°C)
43.8 mg/L or 44 mg/L
The water vapor pressure of saturated gas at normal body temperature (37°C)
47.0 mm Hg
What occurs during the evaporation?
The air is cooled.
When the water vapor content of a volume of gas equals its capacity
The RH is 100%
When the temperature of a saturated gas drops down to its dew point
Excess water vapor will condense as visible droplets
Forms of vaporization
Both boiling and evaporation are forms of vaporization.
Contrast between Gases & Liquids
Unlike liquids, gases are readily compressed and expanded and fill the spaces available to them by diffusion.
As a gas is warmed or temperature of gas rises:
1. kinetic activity increases.
2. its molecular collisions increase.
3. its pressure rises.
Avogadro’s law
states that the 1-g atomic weight of any substance contains exactly the same number of atoms, molecules, or ions.
Diffusion
the process whereby molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration.
Formula for Pressure
force ÷ unit area
One atmosphere (1 atm) of pressure is the same as:
1. 760.0 mm Hg
2. 29.9 inches Hg
3. 1034.0 g/cm2
4. 14.7 lb/in2
Factors that a gas can dissolve in a liquid
1. solubility coefficient of the gas
2. temperature of the liquid
3. gas pressure above the liquid
What occurs when a gas expands
Molecular collisions decrease.
When a gas decreases pressure
the volume will increase.
What occurs when water vapor is added to a dry gas at a constant pressure?
1. The volume occupied by the gas mixture increases.
2. The relative humidity of the mixture increases.
3. The partial pressure of the original gas is reduced.
The temperature that Liquid is heated is called
critical temperature
Characteristics of Oxygen
1. No pressure can keep it in a liquid state above –118.8°C.
2. Its critical temperature is above normal room temperature.
3. It cannot be turned into a liquid at room temperature.
Solids maintain their shape because their atoms are kept in place by strong mutual attractive forces
van der Waals forces
Gases that have critical temperatures above normal room temperature
1. CO2 (carbon dioxide)
2. N2O (nitrous oxide)
Liquid oxygen is produced by separating it from a liquefied air mixture at a temperature below its boiling point, which is:
–183°C
Formula for the resistance to flow of a fluid through a
resistance = pressure ÷ flow
A fluid moves in discrete cylindrical streamlines
Laminar
What happens to a fluid if the cross-sectional area of the tube in which it flows decreases
Its velocity will decrease.
turbulent flow
proportional to the square of the flow
Bernoulli’s principle
Lateral pressure will fall
The most common application of fluid entrainment is (in Bernoulli’s principle)
air injector
Characteristics of sublimation
1. going directly from solid to vapor form
2. never becoming a liquid
3. skipping the melting phase
Purposes of use of a Venturi tube
1. to restore fluid pressure distal to a restricted orifice
2. to help keep entrainment ratios constant with varying flows
3. to make possible entrainment of large volumes of gas