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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the structure of the nucleus?
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Surrounded by a nuclear envelope (double membrane) perforated by nuclear pores. The nuclear envelope is continuous with the ER.
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What is the function of the nucleus?
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Houses chromosomes, made of chromatin (DNA, the genetic material, and proteins); contains nucleoli, where ribosomal subunits are made. Pores regulate entry and exit of materials.
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What is the structure of a ribosome?
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Two subunits made of ribosomal RNA and proteins; can be free in the cytosol or bound to rough ER.
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What is the function of a ribosome?
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Protein synthesis
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What is the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum?
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Extensive network of membrane-bounded tubules and sacs; membrane separates lumen from cytosol; continuous with the nuclear envelope.
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What is the function of the smooth ER?
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Smooth ER: synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbs, CA2+ storage, detoxification of drugs and poisons.
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What is the function of the rough ER?
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Aids in synthesis of secretory and other proteins from bound ribosomes; adds carbs to glycoprotiens; produces new membrane.
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What is the structure of the golgi apparatus?
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Stacks of flattened membranous sacs; has polarity (cis and trans faces)
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What is the function of the golgi apparatus?
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Modification of protiens, carbs on proteins, and phospholipids; synthesis of many polysaccharides; sorting of golgi products, which are then released in vesicles.
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What is the structure of the lysosome?
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Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes (in animal cells).
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What is the function of the lysosome?
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Breakdown of ingested substances, cell macromolecules, and damaged organelles for recycling.
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What is the structure of a vacuole?
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Large membrane-bounded vesicle in plants.
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What is the function of a vacuole?
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Digestion, storage, waste diposal, water balance, cell growth, and protection.
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What is the structure of a mitochondrion?
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Bounded by double membrane; inner membrane has infoldings (cristae).
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What is the function of a mitochondrion?
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Cellular respiration.
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What is the structure of a chloroplast?
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Typically two membranes around fluid stroma, which contains membranous thylakoids stacked in grana (in plants).
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What is the function of a choroplast?
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Photosynthesis.
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What is the structure of a Peroxisome?
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Specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane.
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What is the function of a peroxisome?
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Contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen to water, producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a by-product, which is converted to water by other enzymes in the peroxisome.
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Bound ribosomes usually synthesize...?
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membrane proteins and secretory proteins.
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Which structure is common to plant and animal cells?
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Mitochondrion
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Which cell would be best for studying lysosomes?
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Phagocytic white blood cell
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Cytology is what?
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the study of cell structure
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What does an electron microscope (EM) do?
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focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto its surface.
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What does cell ultrastructure refer to?
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cellular anatomy revealed by an electron microscope
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The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is especially useful for?
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detailed studies of the surfaces of a specimen.
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The transmission electron microscope (TEM) is used to study ?
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the internal ultrastructure of cells
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What is cell fractionation?
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takes cells apart and seperates the major organelles and other subcellular structures from one another.
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What two things make up prokaryotic cells?
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Bacteria and Archea
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Which four things make up eukaryotic cells?
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Protists, fungi, animals, and plants
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What do all cells have in common?
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plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, ribosomes
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What are the main differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
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In eukaryotic cells, most of the DNA is in the nucleus compared to nucleoid (not membrane closed) in prokaryotic. Eukaryotic cells are much larger and have a variety of organelles of specialized form and function which are absent in the prokaryotic cells.
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What are some organelles in animal cells but not plant cells?
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Lysosomes, centrosomes w/ centrioles, flagella (but present in some plant sperm)
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What are some organelles in plant cells and not animal cells?
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chloroplasts, central vacuole, cell wall, plasmodesmata
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What role do the ribosomes play in carrying out genetic instructions?
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In the cytoplasm, they translate the genetic message, carried from the DNA in the nucleus by mRNA, into a polypeptide chain.
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Describe the molecular composition of nucleoli and explain their function.
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Consist of DNA and RNA that are assembled into large and small ribosomal subunits. Then exported through the pores to cytoplasm, where they participate in polypeptide synthesis.
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What is the function of the endomembrane system?
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Carries out a variety of tasks in a cell; include synthesis of proteins and their transport into membranes and organelles or out of the cell, metabolism and movement of lipids, and detoxification of poisons.
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Which organelles are a part of the endomembrane system?
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nuclear envelope, the ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, cisternae, various kinds of vacoles, and the plasma membrane.
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What is phagocytosis and give an example.
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amoebas and many other protists eat by engulfing smaller organisms or other food particles. The food vacuole is formed in this way, and then it fuses to a lysosome, whose enzymes digest the food.
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Describe a glycoprotein.
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Refers to a carbohydrate, often have a oligosaccharide (8-10 monomers), so.. protein+oligosaccharide=glycoprotein. Their produces in the rough ER, by the enzymes inside cisternal space.
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What are vesicles and what do they do?
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They are spherical structures that are bounded by membranes. They transport materials through the ER and often through the golgi apparatus; attach and perhaps incorporate in the golgi's membrane
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The side of the Golgi close to the ER is refered to as?
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Cis
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The side of the golgi close to the plasma membrane is refered to as?
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Tran
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What is the microtubules wall made of, and describe their structure.
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Their wall is made of tubulin, alpha and beta tubulin go together to create a dimer. The structure is a tube that has 13 dimers surround it.
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What is the function of microtubules?
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Maintenance of cell shape, cell motility, chromosome movements in cell division, organelle movements
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