Chapter 5,6&9 Test

Front 1

integumentary system is comprised of?

Back 1

epidermis & dermis

Hint 1

skin

Front 2

four functions of integument

Back 2

1. Protection
2. Excretion
3. maintenance
4. vitamin D3 synthesis

Front 3

Thick skin has 5th layer of epidermal cells and is located

Back 3

palms and balls of feet

Front 4

5 layer of epidermis

Back 4

1. Stratum
2. spinosum
3. Granulosum
4. lucidum
5. corneum

Front 5

2 layers of dermis

Back 5

1. papillary layer
2. recticulary layer

Front 6

what level must be damaged before a scar is created?

Back 6

dermis

Front 7

the turn over rate of epidermis

Back 7

21-24 days

Front 8

epidermal ridges

Back 8

extends into dermis in downward folds

Front 9

dermal papilla

Back 9

extend into epidermis in upward folds

Front 10

sensible perspiration

Back 10

loss by activity sweating

Front 11

insensible presiration

Back 11

loss without us seeing or feeling it

Front 12

xerosis

Back 12

excessively dry skin

Front 13

three things that create skin color

Back 13

1. carotene- orange yellow pigment
2. melanin- protects skin from harmful effects of sun
3. dermam circulation- RBC contains hemoglobin which transport oxygen

Front 14

The A-B-C-D-E of malignancy classification

Back 14

A. (asymmetry)- irregular shape
B. (border)- irregular indistinct
C. (color)- tan, brown, black, red, pink, white, blue
D. (diameter)- >5mm considered dangerous
E. (evolving)- the lesion is gradually changing

Front 15

Vit. D3 is important to our health as it helps epidermal cells synthesize

Back 15

cholecalciferol ( vitamin D3)

Front 16

lines of cleavage (of tension)

Back 16

expresses the parallel arrangement of collagen and elastic fiber bundles of the arranged to resist forces applied to the skin during normal movement

Front 17

surgically significant

Back 17

incision go parallel to lines to less gap and reduce scar

Front 18

epidermis

Back 18

is a vascular and it gets nutrition and performs gas exchange by diffusion from blood supply that exists in the dermis

Front 19

5 types of skin sensation

Back 19

1. touch
2. position sense
3. pain
4. temperature
5. contact to hair

Front 20

the composition of the epidermis is stratified squamous epithelium the dermis ( mostly dense irregular CT) and hypodermis ( mostly areolar and adipose CT)

Back 20

front if card only

Front 21

sebaceous

Back 21

holocrine (entire cell ruptures) glands associated with hair sebum lipid, oily, liquid secretion deposited into hair follicle

Front 22

2 types if sweat glands

Back 22

1. Apocrine sweat gland
2. merocrine (aka Eccrine) sweat gland

2-5 million with most on palms & soles

99% water + NaCl, etc

Front 23

the 3 stages of integument healing

Back 23

1. inflammatory
2. proliferative
3. Remodeling

Front 24

first degree burn

Back 24

only superficial epidermis involved (a sun burn)

Front 25

second degree burn

Back 25

entire epiermis +/- dermal involvement
- erytherna, blister, pain, swelling
-secondary structures not harmed
- heal In 1-2 weeks with possible scarring

Front 26

third degree burn

Back 26

full thickness (all of epidermis and dermis)
-maybe even into subcutaneous
-no pain as nerve destroyed
-often need skin graft to cover defect
- heal by scar

Front 27

Rules of 9's quick way to estimate percentage of body burned

Back 27

9% - head
9% - each arm
18% - each leg
18% - anterior trunk
18% - back
1% - genitals

if 80% of body is burned your survival rate is only 50%

life threatening dangers
1. fluid & water loss 5X normal
2. Provide nutrients to meet increased metabolic needs

Front 28

jaundice

Back 28

when the body unable to excrete bile yellow pigment accumulates in the body fluids and the skin takes on a yellowish tint

Front 29

vitiligo

Back 29

loss of metanocytes in certain regions of skin (light area)

Front 30

rickets

Back 30

lack vitamin D harms bone formation/maintenances (poor diet or lack of sunlight)

Front 31

dermatits

Back 31

general term for inflammation of the papillary layer seen infection, mechanical or chemical insult

Front 32

turgor

Back 32

indicates the degree of skin hydration

Front 33

cerumen

Back 33

ear wax

Front 34

sepsis

Back 34

A whole body inflammation caused by an infection

Front 35

sebum

Back 35

lipid, oily, liquid secretion deposited into hair follicle

Front 36

actinic keratosis

Back 36

scaley areas of sun damage seen in the aged and pale - not cancer but sometime turn into cancertreatment-freeze, mild acids

Front 37

Basal cell carcinoma

Back 37

cancer starts in S.Germinativum

-good prognosis If removed before metastasis

-95% of 5 year survival rate removed

Front 38

squamous cell

Back 38

accursev I n sun exposed sites

-95% - 5 year surval rate after excision

Front 39

malignant melanoma

Back 39

life threatening

- melancytes grow rapidly and metastasize through lymphatics

-if extensive locally before spreading has 99% survival rate at 5years with extensive metastasis only 14% survival rate

Front 40

suture

Back 40

between bone and skull

Front 41

synchondrosis

Back 41

between ribs and sternum when cartilage involved

Front 42

synovial joint

Back 42

surrounding by fibrous "articular cartilage" and the joint cavity is lined with a "synovial membrane

Front 43

synovial joint componetsy

Back 43

1. articular cartilage
2. synovial fluid
3. joint capsule
4. menicus
5. fat pad
6. ligament
7. tendon
8.brusae (bursitis)

Front 44

the greater the range in joint the greater weakness and thus the greater likelihood for damage

Back 44

front of card only

Front 45

hinge

Back 45

permits angular motion in one plane like a door hinge

ex. elbow, knee, ankle interphalangeal joint

Front 46

ball and sockey

Back 46

round bone fits into the cup of another bone allows circumduction an rotation

-ex. shoulder an hip joints

Front 47

slipped disc

Back 47

when the posterior longitudinal ligament weakens the nucleus puplposus pushes part way into the vertebral cancal

Front 48

herniated disc

Back 48

when the nucleus pulposus both migrates and the annulus fibrosis rubtures; protrusion into vertebral canal occurs


in both cases there could be spinal nerve compression

Front 49

knee joint

Back 49

A very complex hinge joint

- union of femur to tibia

-rounded distal aspect of femur rolls on superior surface of tibia

-allows flexion, limited extension and limited internal (when knew flexing) and external (when knee extending) rotation

menisci- 2 in each joint; called medial and lateral meniscus

Ligaments- 7 per knee

Front 50

4 kinds of arthritis

Back 50

1. osteoarthritis (OA)- characterized by spurring around joints

2. Rheumatoid Arthritis- decreased joint space & eroded cartilage

3. Gouty Arthritis- clinical presentation and later bone erosion and tophi

4. Septic Arthritis- due to organism infecting

Front 51

treatments for Arthritis

Back 51

1. Regular exercise
2. physical therapy
3. anti- inflammatory
4. more exotic drug ( gold, methyltrexate)
5. surgery to remove or replace joint

Front 52

5 functions of bone

Back 52

1. support
2. storage
3. blood cell production
4. protection
5. leverage

Front 53

the total number of bones in the body

Back 53

206

Front 54

6 classifications of bone

Back 54

1. long bones
2. flat bones
3. sutural bones
4. irregular bones
5. short bones
6. sesamoid bones

Front 55

the name of the structures of long bone and what they mean

Back 55

1. diaphysis- the shaft
2. epiphysis- expanse at each end
3. metaphysis- area between the two above
4. compact bone (aka cortical) dense; found in the diaphysis and thinly around metaphysis
5. medullary cavity- center of long bone containing marrow
6. spongy bones (aka concellous or trabecular) between compact bone; primarily in eiphyis strength from struts of dense bone

Front 56

Bone is like all connective tissue in that it is comprised if cells (osteocytes,etc), protein fibers (collagen), and a matrix (primarily calcium salts)

Back 56

front of card only

Front 57

4 types of cells and function in maintaining bone

Back 57

1. osteocytes- mature bone cells
- function is to maintain bone matrix and help in bone repair

2. osteoblast- makes new bones eventually will become osteocyte

3. osteoprogenitor cell- primitive cell that produce osteoblast / aid in bone repair

4. osteoclasts- breakdown bone
- resemble macrophages in appearance

Front 58

compact bone the parts of the Haversion (osteon) unit to include

Back 58

1. haversion canal
2. volkman canal
3. lacunea
4. canaliculi
5. lamellac

Front 59

trabeculae

Back 59

bone struts that oppose stress (visible on radiographs) this bone reduces weight

Front 60

red bone marrow

Back 60

makes blood cells

Front 61

yellow bone marrow

Back 61

stores fat

Front 62

periosteum

Back 62

the lining of all compact bone except at the joint / contains nerves and blood vessels

Front 63

endosteum

Back 63

- the lining of the medillary cavity

actively involved in bone repair, growth & remodeling
contains osteoblast, osteoprogenitor, and osteoclasts

Front 64

enchonral

Back 64

bone replacing cartilage

Front 65

secondary growth center

Back 65

forms at either end of long bone, bone replacing

Front 66

appositional growth

Back 66

growth at outer surface of bones

- how bone gets wider

- osteoblasts in periosteum create bone

Front 67

primary growth center

Back 67

forms in center of original cartilage
bone replacing cartilage

Front 68

3 point of blood supply to the bone

Back 68

1. nutrient arteries
2. metaphyseal vessels
3. periosteal vessels

Front 69

bone Is well supplied with

Back 69

nerves and lympathaties

Front 70

remoldeling

Back 70

there is constant recycling and renewal of organic and mineral components of bone matrix

Front 71

turnover rate

Back 71

young adults turn over bone at 20% per year. some bone turns over faster than other bone. the spongy bone of the femoral head might turnover 2-3 time per year

Front 72

exercise

Back 72

bone is deposited in response to mechanical stress

Front 73

disue

Back 73

can result in loss off 33% of bone Mass

Front 74

bone is storage house for

Back 74

calcium and phosphate

Front 75

Vit. C, Vit. A, and Vit. D

Back 75

necessary for healthy bone

Front 76

calciriol

Back 76

synthesized in kidney from Vitamin D3

need for GI tract to absorb calcium and phosphate, deficiency results in rickets

Front 77

estrogen and androgens

Back 77

at puberty these speed osteoblast activity to close epiphysis girl bone matures faster than boys as estrogen has greater effect than androgens

Front 78

growth hormone

Back 78

pituitary and thyroid glands involved stimulates bones growth until maturity

Front 79

calcitonin

Back 79

thyroid gland produces decreases calcium levels in body fluid by inhibit I ng osteocyte activity and increasing calcium loss at kidneys

Front 80

parathyroid hormone

Back 80

produced by parathyroid glands; increases calcium concentrations in body fluids by stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone and release calcium into blood stream

Front 81

bone maladies

Back 81

1. pituitary dwarfism
2. Giantism
3. Acromegaly
4. marfan syndrome
5. osteopenia
6. osteoporosis

levels increase more than 30%
- muscle in responsive

decreases more than 35%
-nerves to excited or death

Front 82

Normal value of Ca+ plasma concentration

Back 82

8.5-10.5 mg/dl

Front 83

Fracture healing

Back 83

-the endosteum eventually forms an internal callus while periosteum forms and external callus

New bone heals fracture excessively and must be remodeled back to normal shape

The main factors of fracture healing include sufficient blood supply, alignment of the bone fragments and stability of fragments to allow healing