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49 Cards in this Set

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Academy

A classical secondary school in colonial America that emphasized elements of Latin and English grammar schools and by the nineteenth century became more of a college preparatory school. Also the name of the ancient Greek school founded by Plato.

American Spelling Book

An early elementary textbook written by Noah Webster that focused on the alphabet, grammar, and moral lessons.

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

U.S. Supreme Court ruling that reversed an earlier "separate but equal" ruling and declared that segregated schooling was inherently unequal and therefore unlawful.

common school

A public, tax-supported school. First established in Massachusetts, the school's purpose was to create a common basis of knowledge for children. It usually refers to a public elementary school.

dame schools

Primary schools in colonial and other early periods in which students were taught by untrained women in the women's own homes.

de facto segregation

The segregation of racial or other groups resulting from circumstances, such as housing patterns, rather than from official policy or law.

de jure segregation

The segregation of racial or other groups on the basis of law, policy, or a practice designed to accomplish such separation.

elementary school

An educational institution for children in grades 1 through 5, 6, or 8, often including kindergarten.

English Classical School

The first free public high school, established in Boston in 1821. The school initially enrolled only boys.

gendered career

A term applied to the gender stereotyping of career and occupational fields. Teaching, for example, was initially gendered male, and today is gendered female, particularly at the elementary school level.

Hornbook

A single sheet of parchment containing the Lord's Prayer and letters of the alphabet. It was protected by a thin sheath from the flattened horn of a cow and fastened to a wooden board—hence, the name. It was used during the colonial era in primary schools.

in loco parentis

Latin term meaning "in place of the parents"; that is, a teacher or school administrator assumes the duties and responsibilities of the parents during the hours the child attends school.

Kalamazoo, Michigan, case

An 1874 U.S. Supreme Court decision that upheld the right of states to tax citizens in order to provide public secondary education.

Kindergarten

A preschool, early childhood educational environment first designed by Froebel in the mid-nineteenth century.

Land Ordinance Act

This nineteenth-century federal law required newly settled territories to reserve a section of land for schools.

Latin grammar school

1635 Puritans established this classical secondary school with a Latin and Greek curriculum in Boston, Massachucets.

McGuffey Readers

For almost 100 years, this reading series promoted moral and patriotic messages and set the practice of reading levels leading toward graded elementary schools.

National Defense Education Act (NDEA)

Federally sponsored programs (1958) to improve science, math, and foreign language instruction in schools.

New England Primer

One of the first textbooks in colonial America, teaching reading and moral messages.

normal schools

A two-year teacher education institution popular in the nineteenth century, many of which were expanded to become today's state colleges and universities.

Northwest Ordinance

Provided for the sale of federal lands in the Northwest territory to support public schools.

Old Deluder Satan Law

A Massachusetts colony "law" requiring:


1. Teachers in towns of 50 families or more


2. Schools be built in towns of 100 families or more.


5. Communities must teach children to read so that they can read the Bible and thwart Satan.

Pedagogy of the Oppressed

Pablo Freire's best known work illustrated how education could transform society, and challenged teachers to be agents for social change. A social reconstructionist

Plessy v. Ferguson

An 1896 Supreme Court decision that upheld that "separate but equal" was legal and that the races could be segregated. It was overturned in 1954 by Brown v. The Board of Education of Topeka.

progressive education

An educational philosophy emphasizing democracy, student needs, practical activities, and school-community relationships. John Dewey closely associated with progressivism.

second-generation segregation

When a school's multiracial populations are separated through tracking, extracurricular activities, and even informal social events,

separate but equal

This is a legal doctrine that holds that equality of treatment is accorded when the races are provided substantially equal facilities, even though those facilities are separate. This doctrine was ruled unconstitutional in regard to race.

Tenth Amendment

This constitutional amendment establishes that areas not specifically mentioned in the Constitution as federal responsibilities are left to state authority. Since education is not mentioned, each state is free to create its own school system.

Apprenticeship

A program for boys to learn vocational skills, skilled crafts, to manage farms and shops, to learn to read and to write p.137

The Four Difficult Social Topics

Race, Religion, Politics and Sexual Orientation


Colonial Experience established these norms

1. Local control of schools



2. Compulsory education



3. Tax supported schools



4. State Standards for teaching and schools

Horace Mann

He established the common school which is the forerunner of the public elementary school. He is often referred to as "the father of the public school" He established the Massachucets State Board of Education in 1837

Model minority

Asian American students are considered to be the

Committee of Ten

Was established in 1892 by the National Education Association (NEA) to develop a national policy for high schools.

Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972

Prohibits sex discrimination in schools. It helped women progress toward access to educational programs but did not give women equality.

Carnegie Unit

A measure of secondary course work. A system developed in the late 19th century, early 20th century that based the awarding of academic credit by how much time students spent in direct contact with a classroom teacher i.e. 120 hrs-1 hr a day, 5 days a week, for 24 weeks, 7200 minutes instruction time over a year.

National Defense Education Act

Congress passed this in 1958 funds science, math and foreign language programs

Jean Piaget

profiled for his creation of a theory of cognitive developement

Mary McLeod Bethune

Honored for her contribution in moving people from intellectual slavery to education

Friedrich Froebel

Honored for establishing the kindergarten as an integral part of a child's education

Maria Montessori

Honored for her work in identifying the educational potential of young children and crafting an environment in which the young could learn.

Sylvia Ashton-Warner

Honored for her creative approaches placing children at the center of the curriculum. She wrote the best selling book, "Teachers" which provided insight for future teachers.

Emma Hart Willard

She opened the door of higher education to women and for promoting professional teacher preparation.

B.F. Skinner

Profiled for his famous contributions in altering environments to promote learning. He was the leading advocate of behaviorism and behavior modification

1964 Civil Rights Act

Under President Lyndon Johnson & congress this act gave the federal government power to help local school districts desegregate (Title IV) & to also initiate lawsuits or withhold federal school funds to force desegregation (Title VI)

categorical grants

Money granted by the federal government to state and local governments with strict limitations on how the money is spent. The federal government uses money to get them to comply to national goals.

A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform

A 1983 report that was issued by the National Commission on Excellence in Education that primarily focused on the state of secondary education in America

John Dewey

Was famous for progressive education movement. He established in 1896 his famous laboratory school at the University of Chicago.

Compulsory ignorance

The law that made it a crime to teach slaves and free Blacks how to read and to write. The laws were passed by Virginia and South Carolina. Ignorance was the main control instrument in slavery.