Chapter 5 Psychology Learning

Front 1

Learning

Back 1

Relatively Permanent change in behavior brought on by Experience

Front 2

Ivan Pavlov

Back 2

Discovered Classical Conditioning

Front 3

Classical Conditioning

Back 3

Learning where neutral stimulus brings about response after being paired with stimulus that naturally causes response

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Neutral Stimulus

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A stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest.

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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

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A stimulus that naturally brings about a certain response

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Unconditioned Response (UCR)

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Natural Response

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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

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Previously neutral stimulus that produces a response after being paired with unconditioned stimulus

Front 8

Conditioned Response (CR)

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Response to conditioned stimulus after conditioning

Front 9

John B Watson and Rosalie Rayner

Back 9

proved that classical conditioning works on humans by conditioning Baby Albert to fear white rabbits-unethically

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Extinction

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conditioned response decreases and eventually disappears after lack of use

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Spontaneous Recovery

Back 11

reemergence of a conditioned response after a long rest period without further conditioning

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Stimulus Generalization

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similar stimulus to the CS causes the same CR

Front 13

Stimulus Descrimination

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distinct stimuli evokes no response since we can tell the difference

Front 14

operant conditioning

Back 14

Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences.

Front 15

Edward L. Thorndike

Back 15

formulated Thorndike's Law of Effect

Front 16

Thordike's Law of Effect

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It was not necessary for an organism to understand that there was a link between a response and a reward over time and through experience the organism would make a direct connection between the stimulus and the response without any awareness that the connection existed.

Front 17

B. F. Skinner

Back 17

Improved upon Throndike's theories with the Skinner Box

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reinforcement

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The process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated

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reinforcer

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Any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again.

Front 20

positive reinforcer

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A stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response.

Front 21

negative reinforcer

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An unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future.

Front 22

punishment

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A stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again

Front 23

schedules of reinforcement

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Different patterns of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior

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continuous reinforcement schedule

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A schedule in which behavior is reinforced every time the behavior occurs.

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partial (or intermittent) reinforcement schedule

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A schedule in which behavior is reinforced some but not all of the time.

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fixed-ratio schedule

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A schedule in which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made

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variable-ratio schedule

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A schedule by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number.

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fixed-interval schedule

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A schedule in which reinforcement is provided for a response only after a fixed time period has elapsed.

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variable-interval schedule

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A schedule by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed.

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shaping

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The process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

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behavior modification

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A formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.

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cognitive learning theory

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An approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning.

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latent learning

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Learning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it.

Front 34

Albert Bandura

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theorized a major part of human learning consists of observational learning-demonstrated by the bobo doll experiment

Front 35

observational learning

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Learning by observing the behavior of another person, or model.