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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Learning
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is a change in behavior acquired through experience
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Two Methods of Learning
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Operant and Classical
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What is Classical Conditioning?
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is the process of modifying behavior so that a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and elicits an unconditioned response
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Who is Ian Pavlov?
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the guy who created classical conditioning
-research from dogs about unconditional stimulus, conditional stimulus's. |
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Problems with Classical Conditioning
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More Complex than dogs
1. Cause and Effect Conditioning 2. Single Response Manipulations(Behavioral Environments) 3. Human Decision Making |
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What is operant conditioning?
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is the process of modifying behavior through the use of positive or negative consequences following specific behaviors.
-consequences can be either positive or negative |
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What are the three strategies of operant conditioning?
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Reinforcement, Punishment, and Extincition
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What is organizational behavior modification?
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is a form of operant condintioning used successfully in a variety of organizations to shape the behavior by Luthans
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What are the three types of consequences used in ODM?
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financial reinforcement, nonfininacial reinforcement, and social reinforcement.
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What is a strategic reward?
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help motivate behavior, actions, and accomplishments which advance the organization toward specific goals
Go beyond just cash rewards |
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What are positive consequences?
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are the results of a persons behavior that he or she finds attractive or pleasurable
rewards you get from your actions |
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What are negative consequences?
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results from a persons behaivor that is undesirable or unattractive
Thordikes Law of Effect- postive- actions do reoccur negative - actions do not reoccur |
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What is reinforcement?
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is the attempt to develop or strength desirable behavior by either bestowing posittive consequences or withholding negative comments
employee avoids a negative consequence to by having a desirable behavior |
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What is punishment?
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is the attempt to eliminate or weaken undesirable behavior using two methods
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What are the two methods of punishment?
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using negative consequence with a undesirable behavior
withholding a positive consequence with undesirable behaivors |
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Problem with Punishment
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result in negative responses in the individual getting punished
-can lead to less motivation and decrease performance |
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What is extinction?
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ignoring the behavior
-most effective when using positive reinforcement -not good in dangerous behavior |
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What is Bandura's Social Learning Theory?
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believes that learning occurs through the observation of other people and the modeling of their behavior.
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What is task specific self efficacy?
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an individual beliefs and expectancies about his or her ability to perform a specific task effectively
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What are the four sources of task specific self efficacy?
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prior experiences, behavior models, persuasion from other people and the assessment of current and emotional capabilities
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Relationship between self effiacy and social reinforcement
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it is strongly related to work performance if the tasks are not to complex
-people are going to perform well when they have high self efficacy |
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What is are two elements of Jung's theory of personality differences that are important?
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learning and subsequent behavior
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Differences between introverts and extroverts
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Introverts- think best when they are alone
Extroverts- need people to interact with others to learn |
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Intuitors
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prefer theoratical frameworks
understand grand scheme |
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Sensors
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master details of a subject
what is realistic and doable |
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Thinkers
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anaylsis of data of info
not personally involved |
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Feelers
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prefer interpersonal involvment do not like analysis
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What is goal setting?
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is the process of estabishing desired results that guide and direct behavior
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What are the characteristics of effective goals?
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SMART - Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Time Bound
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What are the three functions of goals?
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1. increase motivation and task performance
2. reduce the role stress that is associated with confliting expectations 3. improve the accuracy and validity of performance evaluation |
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What are three important behavioral aspects of enhancing performance motivation through goal setting?
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Employee Participation, Supervisory Commitment, and useful performance feedback
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What is the supervisorys role in goal setting?
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second important role
provide employees with interim performance feedback(specific goals) negative perfomance feedback can lead to performance improvement |
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Feedback
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most helpful when it is useful and timely
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What is the second function of goal setting?
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reduce the stress associated witht the conflicting and confusing expectations
improve role clarity |
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What is the third major function of goal setting?
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improving the accuracy and validity of performance evaluation
-Best Method- MBO |
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What is MBO?
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a goal setting program based on interaction and negotiation between employees and managers.
-created by Peter Drucker -happens on all levels of a organization |
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What are the two ingredients in a goal setting program?
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planning and evaluation
- better when used in stable, predicatable settings -can be diverse |
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Planning
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-individual factors must be tied to the organization
- emphasize what to do and how to do it |
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Evaluation
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Formal Evalutions- occur at the end of the reporting period
-goals must be about the business, how it occurs in the business, and easily changed |
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What is a task?
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early notion of a workers required activity
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What is performance management?
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is the process of defining, measuring, appraising, and providing feedback, on and improving performance
-must be well defined -is multidimensional -performance and measured performance are seldom not the same |
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OCB
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-aimed at collective performance
-aimed at employee involvement programs |
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What is performance appraisal?
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is the evaluation of a person's performance once it is well defined
-coach - growth and devlopment -evaluator - judge and influence -cultural differences affect the way appraisals are done |
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Look at Major Purpose of Performance Apparsials
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Look at Major Purpose of Perfomance Apparsials
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What is True Assessment?
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the extent of apprasial systems to improve the accuracy of measure performance and increase agreement with actual performance
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How are performance monitoring systems used/
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record your keystrokes
-unaware of them being monitored |
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What is American Airlines way of performance feedback?
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1. State the obvious
2. Focus on changeable behaviors 3. Plan and Organize the session beforhand |
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What is the ideal feedback situation?
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Start- State something positive
Middle- State the negative End- State something positive |
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What is the 360 Feedback?
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a process of self evaluation and evaluations by a manager, peers, direct reports, and customers
-can be echanced by systemattic coaching component - separate the quantitive(performance) and the qualitative(manger) areas -most effective with low power distance and individualistic values |
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What are the 5 characteristics of a appraisal system?
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1.Validity
2. Relibility 3. Responsiveness 4. Flexibility 5. Equitably |
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What is a issue with Reward Decisions in companies?
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one of the most difficult and complicated made in a organization
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What does individual reward systems look like?
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-common in the U.S.
-leaads to creativity, novel solutions -competition -employees might have different preferences in rewards -award seekers- travel rewards -bottom liners- cash bonuses -can be dysfunctional |
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What does team reward systems look like?
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-cooperation, sharing info
-Japan and China |
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What is individual reward systems?
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-pay for knowledge and skills
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What is group alternative reward system?
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-Collective cost reduction- share in gains of cost reduction
-Collective profit Sharing |
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What is the power of earing?
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- people get rewards based on performance
- they do not get what they think they need or entitled to get |
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What are the three steps in correcting poor performance?
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1. Cause Identitfied
2. Source Identified 3. Plan of Action -not all is self motivated |
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What are three cause of poor performance for a employee?
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1. problem in the organization or supervisor
2. Employees Personal Life 3. Poor Training |
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What is Harold Kelly's Attribution Theory?
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people make attributions based on three things - consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency
-explain why people guess why other people act the way they do |
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What is consensus?
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is the extent to which peers in the same situation behave the same way
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What is distinctiveness?
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is the degree to which a person behaves the same way
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What is consistency?
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when a person repeats the same behavior
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What leads to internal attributions?
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Low Conse
Low Disti High Consitency |
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What produces external attributions?
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high consensus
high distinctivies low consist ex: equipment failure and unrealistic goals |
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What is the most effective way for mentoring?
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-not formal mentoring from higher ups
-openess and trust -refer the employee to trained help |
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What is methoring?
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work relationship in which to improve and advance your career
-can enhance a newcomer and mid career person -goes through initiain, culitvation, separation, and redefinition -peer relationships can be a alternative |
