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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Mystic writing pad
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A model of memory based on a children's toy writing table that allows new messages to be written on one level, while fragments of old messages accumulate on another level.
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Reappearance hypothesis
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The hypothesis that memory is a re-experencign of the past. Proposed by Neisser 91967)
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Flashbulb memories
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Vivid, detailed memories of significant events. Brown and Kulik proposed the term, and were the first one to study the phenomenon in 1977.
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Now Print Theory
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The theory that a specific process, similar to xerography, lays down in memory copies of especially significant experiences. Theory adapted by Brown and Kulik from the work of Livingston (1967).
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Evolution of memory
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From memory traces to memory schemas
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Consolidation theory
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The theory that memory traces of an event are not fully formed immediately after that event, but take some time to become complete.
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Retroactive interference
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A decline in the recall of one thing experienced as a result of later experiencing something else
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Hippocampus
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A site in the brain crucial for the consolidation of memory traces
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Reconsolidation
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The hypothetical process whereby a memory trace is revised and undergoes consolidation again
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Method of repeated reproduction
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One participant is given multiple opportunities to recall something over time
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Rationalization
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The attempt to make memory as coherent and sensible as possible
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Schema (Barlett)
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An active mass of organized past reactions that provides a setting that guides out behavior
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Body schema or body image
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One's schematic representation of one's body
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Phantom limbs
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After a sudden loss of a body part, the feeling that it is still there
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Penfield homunculus
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A part of the brian that maps the parts of the sensory cortex that represent the various parts of the body
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Plasticity
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Our schemas are not fixed, but show considerable flexibility
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Selection
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The hypothesis that we select information both as we receive it and as we recall it
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Abstraction
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The hypothesis that we tend to remember only the gist, rather than the particulars, of what we experience
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Interpretation
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The hypothesis that we interpret information by making inferences, and then remember the inferences as part of the original information
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Integration
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The hypothesis that we abstract the meaning of the event, then we put that meaning together with the rest of our knowledge to form coherent, consistent whole.
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Misinformation effect
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The hypothesis that misleading post-event information can become integrated with memory for the original event
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Source monitoring framework
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A theory of the process whereby people may fail to distinguish between a real and an imagined event
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Scripts
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Expectations concerning the actions and events that are appropriate in a particular situation
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Life scripts
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Culturally provided narratives that guide autobiographical memories and prescribe the age norms for important events in an individual's life
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Depth of processing
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A continuum that ranges from an analysis of an event purely in terms of its physical characteristics to understanding an event in terms of its relationship to other things that you know
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Elaboration and distinctiveness
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Elaboration refers to processing that goes beyond the original information, while distinctiveness refers to how precisely an item is encoded
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General and specific levels of representation
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As people age they tend to forget details but to remember deeper meanings
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General principles versus ecological memory research
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Two contrasting approaches to the study of memory. The former emphasizes laboratory investigations in the search for general principle. The later emphasizes the real-world investigations in the search for practical applications
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Nonsense syllables
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Nonsense 'words' formed by a consonant followed by a vowel followed by a consonant. Ex. PIB or WOL
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Forgetting curve
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Ebbinghaus's finding that forgetting was greatest immediately after learning, followed by a more gradual decline
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Jost's law of forgetting
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Of two memory traces of equal strength, the younger trace will decay faster than the older trace
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Ribot's law of retrograde amnesia
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Older memories are less likely to be lost as a result of brain damage than are newer memories
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Law of progressions and pathologies
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A 'last in, first out' principle referring to the possibility that the last system to emerge is the first to show the effect of degeneration
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Permastore
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The hypothesis that there can be a relatively permanent state of memory over very long periods of time.
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