Chapter 5 Logic

Front 1

_____ _______ are arguments in which the validity depends centrally on the relationships among classes, sets or categories

Back 1

Categorical arguments

Front 2

A _____ ______ is a statement that relates two classes or categories.

Back 2

Categorical statement

Front 3

For a statement to be in standard form the elements must have what four elements?

Back 3

Quantifier (ex. All or Some...)
Subject Term
Copula (ex. are or are not...)
Predicate

Front 4

A term may be an ________ but not a ____ _____, or an ________.

Back 4

long expression; proper name or adjective

Front 5

Every cateforical statement has a quality, _____ or _____.
Explain each

Back 5

affirmative or negative
Affirmative affirms that a class is wholly or partially included in another
Negative is if the statement denies that one class is wholly or partially included

Front 6

Every categorical statement also has a quantity, ______ or _________.
Explain each

Back 6

Universal refers to all memebers of the class denoted by the suject term
Particular referes to only some memebers of the class denoted by the subject term

Front 7

All S are P is an _____ statement, which is also a _____ _____ ______

Back 7

A
Universal Affirmative statement

Front 8

No S are P is an ____ statement which is also a ______ ______ ______.

Back 8

E
Universal Negative Statement

Front 9

Some S are P is an ____ statement. It is also a _____ _____ ______.

Back 9

I
Particular affirmative statement

Front 10

Some S are not P is an ____ statement. It is also a ______ _____ ______.

Back 10

O
Particular negative statement

Front 11

A stylistic variant of a categorical statement is just.....

Back 11

another way of saying the same thing. (Each, Every, All)

Front 12

Only P are S also means All ____ are ___ but cannot mean All ___ are ____.

Back 12

All S are P; All P are S

Front 13

An inferece is said to be immediate when ......

Back 13

A conclusion is drawn from only one premise

Front 14

Categorical statements that have the same subject and predicate for A, E, I, and O are called _____ ______,

Back 14

Corresponding statements

Front 15

Staements A and O are ________. What does this mean?

Back 15

contradictories. This means they both cannot be true and they both cannot be false. If one is true, the other must be false and if one is falso the other must be true

Front 16

E and I statements are __________. Meaning?

Back 16

Contradictories
Given one statement we can infer the other

Front 17

Statements A and E are _______. Meaning?

Back 17

Contraries
Two statements are contraries if they cannot both be true but they can both be false. However, if one is true the other will be false

Front 18

What is the exception to the A and E rule?

Back 18

If the statement is a neccessary truth such as "All triangels are 3-sided figures"

Front 19

I and O statements are ___________. Meaning?

Back 19

Subcontraries
Two statements are subcontraries if they cannot both be false but they both can be true

Front 20

What is the exception to the I and O rule?

Back 20

If the statement is a neccessary false such as "Some circles are triangles"

Front 21

A statements logically imply their corresponding ___ statements.

Back 21

I

Front 22

E statements logically imply their corresponding ____ statements.

Back 22

O

Front 23

The logical relationship bertween a universal statement and its corresponding particular statement is called ______.

Back 23

Subalternation

Front 24

The universal statement is called the _____. The particular statement is called the ______.

Back 24

Superaltern; Subaltern

Front 25

According to the Square of Opposition if an A statement is true what can we say about the other statements?

Back 25

Its corresponding E statement or contrary is false. Its corresponding I statement or subaltern is true. Its corresponding O statement or contradictory is false.

Front 26

Suppose an E statement is true, according to the Square of Opposition what can be said for the other statements?

Back 26

Its corresponding A statement or contrary is false. Its corresponding O statement or subaltern is true. Its corresponding I statement or contradictory is false.

Front 27

Suppose an I statement is true; then...

Back 27

Its corresponding E statement or contradictory is false. The truth value of corresponding A statement is not guaranteed. The truth value of the corresponding O statement is not guaranteed.

Front 28

Suppose an O statement is true; then...

Back 28

Its corresponding A statement or contradictory is false. The truth value of the corresponding E statement is not guaranteed. The truth value of the corresponding I statement is not guaranteed.

Front 29

All roses are red flowers/ No roses are red flowers are...

Back 29

Contraries

Front 30

All sould are immortal substances/Some souls are immortal substances is an _______.

Back 30

implication

Front 31

Some people are jerks/ Some people are not jerks are

Back 31

Sub-Contraries

Front 32

No Apaches are Shawnees/ Some Apaches are Shawanees are

Back 32

Condradictories

Front 33

The __________ of a standard form categorical statement is formed simply by interchanging its subject and predicate terms.

Back 33

Converse

Front 34

What is a converse of A statement "All dogs are animals"

Back 34

All animals are dogs

Front 35

What is the converse of E statement "No plants are animals"

Back 35

No animals are plants

Front 36

What is the converse of I statement "Some plants are trees"

Back 36

Some trees are plants

Front 37

What is the converse of O statement "Some plants are not trees"

Back 37

Some trees are not plants.

Front 38

_______________ is the inference from a categorical statement to its converse. For example, No plants are animals. So, no animals are plants.

Back 38

Conversion

Front 39

Every E and I statement is logically equivalent to its converse. Two statements are logically equivalent if ......

Back 39

each validly implies the other

Front 40

Is the conversion logically equivalent in A or O statements?

Back 40

No, For example
"All dogs are animals. So, all animals are dogs."
"Some plants are not trees. So, some trees are not plants."

Front 41

We can use _______ by _______ to switch the subject and predicate terms of an A statement and change the quantity from universal to particular.

Back 41

Conversion by limitation
Ex. All seaweeds are plants
So, some plants are seaweeds

Front 42

In discussing obversion we must first note that each class has a __________.

Back 42

Complement

Front 43

The complement of class X is....

Back 43

all things that are not a member of class X
For example, for the class of trees the complement is everything that is a nontree

Front 44

When discussing obversion, each term has a _____-________ which is the word or phrase that denotes the class complement. What would it be for dogs?

Back 44

Term-complement
Nondogs

Front 45

What is the term complement of a phrase such as wild dogs

Back 45

"things that are not wild dogs"

Front 46

The Obverse is formed by doing what two things?

Back 46

a) changing its quality(affirmative to negative, or vice versa)
b) replacing the predicate term with its term complement

Front 47

What is the obverse of "All trees are plants"

Back 47

No trees are nonplants

Front 48

What is the Obverse of "No cats are trees"

Back 48

All cats are nontrees

Front 49

What is the Obverse of "Some trees are oaks"

Back 49

Some trees are not nonoaks

Front 50

What is the obverse of "Some trees are not oaks"

Back 50

Some trees are nonoaks

Front 51

Obversion is always _____.

Back 51

Valid

Front 52

Using S and P give the standard form and Obverse for A,E,I,O

Back 52

A-All S are P...No S are non-P
E-No S are P...All S are non-P
I-Some S are P...Some S are non-P
O-Some S are not P...Some S are non-P

Front 53

The Contrapositive of a statement is formed by doing what two things?

Back 53

a) replacing its subject term with the term-complement of its predicate term and
b) replacing the predicate term with the term-complement of its subject term.

Front 54

What is the contrapositive of A statement "All cats are mammals.

Back 54

All nonmammals are nonccats.

Front 55

What is the contrapositive of E statement "No bats are elephants"

Back 55

No nonelephants are nonbats.

Front 56

What is the contrapositive of I statement "Some plants are weeds"

Back 56

Some nonweeds are nonplants

Front 57

What is the contrapositive of O statement "Some plants are not weeds"

Back 57

Some nonweeds are not nonplants

Front 58

_______________ is the inference from a statement to its contrapositive.

Back 58

Contraposition

Front 59

Contraposition is valid for both ___ and ____ statements and invalid for ___ and ____.

Back 59

A and O
E and I

Front 60

Remember Obversion works on ......

Back 60

All four standard forms

Front 61

With E statements we can change to the contrapositive by ______. This would change No flags are rags. So, ....

Back 61

limitation; So, some nonrags are not nonflags. So from No S are P we go to Some non-P are not non-S.

Front 62

Give the contrapostions for A, E, I , O

Back 62

A-All non-P are non-S
E-No non-P are non-S (limitation is some non-P are not non-S)
I-Some non-P are non-S
O-Some non-P are not non-S